AQA GCSE Geography - Urban issues and challenges

Paper 2 Specification: https://www.aqa.org.uk/subjects/geography/gcse/geography-8035/subject-content/challenges-in-the-human-environment

Urbanisation

The propotion or percentage of people living in urban areas

HIC

High Income Countries

LIC

Low Income Countries

HICs have higher…

Urbanisation

LICs have more…

Megacities

Millionaire city

More than one million people

Megacity

More than ten million people

Population inputs

• Birth

• Immigration

Population outputs

• Death

• Emigration

Migration

The movement of population from one area to another

Urban growth

The expansion of towns and cities so they can cover more land as well as gaining a larger population

Push factors

• Lack of employment

• Lack of service

• Extreme physical conditions

• Overpopulation

• Starvation

• Lack of investment

• Farming is hard work

• Pressure on land

Pull factors

• Better paid jobs (factory works earn x3 as much as farmer)

• Higher quality of life

• The 'bright lights' of the city

• More job opportunities

• Religious/political activities can be carried out more safely

Urban slum is ____ area that lacks ____

Poor areas that are lacking services

What problems lead to an increase of disease? (typhoid, stomach problems, infections)

• Poor facilities

• Unplanned housing

• Poor sanitation systems

• Many people share services

How can conditions be improved for the urban poor?

• Resettlement schemes

• Slum sanitation project

• Housing strategy

• Slum electrification process

Slum resettlement scheme

A slum area was cleared and people where moved to new housing with proper draining systems and safe homes

Slum sanitation project

So far over 300 community toilet blocks and 5100 individual toilets have been built which have access to clean water

The Incremental housing strategy

Families are given right to the land that there house which they have designed with the architect which involves the community and prevents them being split up

Slum electrification process

Urban slums rely on bottled glass which is expensive dangerous and bad for your health they have provides 10,000 connections to energy

Positives of urban planing

New schools housing and parks
Access to clean water
Accommodation is safe

Negatives of Urban planing

Anyone who does move to certain cities after a certain year don’t get a home due to overpopulation
They have no plan to replace small business in it
Communities are split up

Distribution

The way in which something is spread out over an area

Population density

The measurement of the number of people in an area

Why aren't cities in areas such as Scotland?

As they have rough terrain and little flat ground

Why are cites found on the coast?

Liverpool London and Bristol are ports goods came in and out of them creating jobs and cities

Why are cities found in the middle of England?

There are rivers coming from the Pennines and were good when water power was used. There are also coal reserves which increase jobs growing a city.

London challenges

• Pollution (over 4,000 premature deaths a year combated with congestion charge zones)
• Waste (costs £580 million a year still a 10% reduction from 2000 due to increased emails)
• Energy (less than 1% of energy is renewable but has fallen by 10% due to better knowledge)
• Transport (41% of all journeys, oyster cards)
• Poverty (Over 2 million people combated with olympics)
• Building on Greenfield sites can put pressure on county sides should build on brownfield

London opportunities

• Touristg attractions (Natural History museum, londen isle, west end)
• Facilities on the doorstep (shopping, entertainment)
• Transport (Oyster cards, two large air ports)
• Links to countries such as France
• 38% green space (parks, green walls, green roofs)
• Lots of job opportunities
• Cultural mix (over 50% ethnic minorities)

The Olympic park will imporove

Economic (supporting new jobs and skills)
Sport (more facilities)
Social (could improve poorer areas)
Housing and transport (more will be created

Why was the olympic park put where it was?

Lowest net household income
Lowest life expectancy 77.5
40-50% of children were in poverty
Lowest GCSE point score

How did the olympic park improve the area?

New more affordable housing
50,000 more jobs
Torisum brought better transport
In its building 90% if material was used again
Polluted area were removed
Creates green spaces

How many hectors of green space dose the east village have?

10 out of 27 hectors of land

Water conservation in the east village %

It is 50% less than average areas achieved by water recycling

How is water recycled?

Green rood slow down the rate water drains off
It drains into a pond where it is naturally filtered
Clean water is pumped back to the village to be used for flushing toilets and irrigating trees

Energy conservation in the east village %

It has been reduced by 30% due to CHP

What is CHP?

Combined heat (and) power
In factories the by product of producing energy is heat
The heat is piped to the eastern village and transferred to a hot water system
They have no boilers
The now cooled water is piped back to the CHP station to be reused

In Curitiba they do not use lawnmowers insted the use

Sheep as it is more sustainable and cheeper