Purdue BIO-110 Prof. Sean Humphrey: Lecture Exam 1

Choose right order (largest to smallest)

eukaryotic, prokaryotic, virus, macromole., single atom

part of the atom that has the most mass

nucleus

what does the nucleus contain

protons and neutrons

where do the electrons live

orbitals

what is a molecule called when the charges are unbalanced

ion

what is an ionic bond

attraction of opposite charges

what is a covalent bond

when atoms share electrons

polar bonds

unequal sharing of electrons

non polar bonds

equal sharing of electrons

what is electronegativity

ability of an atom to attract electrons

what does electronegativity determine

type of bond

nonpolar

>.5 creates a _____ bond

polar

why is water so important

biochemical reactions need aqueous environment, means of transport, and temp. resistant

what type of bonds hold water together

hydrogen

how does water act in room temp

liquid

what happens when heat is added to hydrogen bond

bond break--> gas

what happens when cold is added to hydrogen bond

bonds are created --> solid

polar bonds are....

hydrophilic & soluble

non polar bonds are...

hydrophobic & insoluble

what does amphipathic mean

having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

acids ___ H+

donate

bases ____ H+

take

pH scale is an _______ relationship

inverse

as pH goes up

H+ concentration goes down

as pH goes down

H+ concentration goes up

pH less than 7

acid

pH of 7

neutral

pH greater than 7

base

a substance with a pH of 7.12 is (a)...

base

macromolecules are also known as

polymers

what are polymers composed of

monomers

what defines each macromolecule

it's monomers

condensation reaction

links monomers to make a polymer

in condensation reactions water is a ...

product

hydrolysis reaction

breaking polymer down into monomers

in hydrolysis reactions water is a...

reactant

what are monomers of carbohydrates called

monosaccharides

what are polymers of carbohydrates called

polysaccharides

what are the monosaccarides of a carbohydrate

glucose and fructose

what are the polysaccarides of a carbohydrate

cellulose, starch, & glycogen

where is cellulose found and what does it do

plant cells; creates the shape of cell

monomer of cellulose

B-glucose (beta glucose)

what hold B-glucose together

B-linkages

what animal can break down cellulose

cows

what is the relationship that cows have with the microorganism in their body

endosymbiotic

can humans break down cellulose

no

what do starch and glycogen function as

energy storage

plants make

starch

animal make

glycogen

Structure of a cellulose

unbranched

structure of starch

moderately branched

Structure of glycogen

highly branches

what are the monomers of proteins

amino acids

how many amino acids are there

20

protein functions

enzymes, structural support, movement, hormones, move around molecules, and cell signaling

what does amino acids contain

alpha carbon, amino group, carboxylic group

what are the bonds in protein

peptide

proteins contain

amino acids, amino-terminus, and carboxyl-terminus

monomers of nucleic acids are

nucleotides

DNA

stores genetic info

sugar of DNA

deoxyribose

bases of DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

RNA

expresses genetic info

RNA sugar

ribose

bases of RNA

adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

what does a nucleic acid contain

phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base

RNA is

single stranded

what bond holds RNA together

phosphodiester

DNA is

double stranded

what type of bond hold the bases of DNA together

hydrogen bonding

What are triglycerides?

fats and oils

What do triglycerides do?

stor energy

what are triglycerides made of

1-glycerol & 3 fatty acids

what joins the glycerol to the fatty acid chains

ester bonds

glycerol

3 carbon molecule

fatty acid

carboxyl group attached to a long hydrocarbon chain

saturated fats

long straight chains; single bonded

unsaturated fats

long bent chains; double bonded

unsaturated fats act like

liquids

saturated fats act like

solids

phospholipids are made of

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate group

phospholipids are

amphipathic

head of phospholipids are

polar- hydrophilic

tails of phospholipids are

non polar- hydrophobic

what is the basis for cell membranes

the phospholipid bilayer

which is a saturated fat

which is a unsaturated fat

which is DNA

which is a triglyceride

which is RNA

which is a nucleic acid