THIS IS IT EXAM 1 WOOOOOOO

the stuff I don't know

how long do you have to be able to reverse ischemia

20 mins

what is your intracellular cation

potassium

what is your extracellular cation

sodium

what produces antiotensinogen

liver

what causes dehydration

gastric suctioning, hemorrhage, D and V

what causes overhydration

gastric suctioning, hemorrhage, D and V, 3rd spacing of fluid

what is a symptom for overhydration

shortness of breath, bounding pulse, hypertension, polyuria, edema, neck vein distension

what are the different causes for edema

high capillary pressure, low osmotic pressure, high capillary permeability

what is the clinical cause for high capillary pressure

obstruction of venous outflow, increased reabsorption of Na, gravity

what is the clinical cause for decreased oncotic pressure

lack of plasma proteins

what is the clinical cause for increased capillary permeability

inflammation, immune response, burns

what causes hyponatremia

medication, kidney failure, tap water enema, sweat, decreased intake

what causes hypernatremia

nacl drowning, too much a

what are the sns for hyponatremia

headache, confusion, seizures, lethargy, nausesa and vomiting

what are the sands for hypernatremia

restless, thirsty,oliguria, dry mucous membrane, dry skin

what is the normal range for potassium

3.5-5

what should you think of when you think of potassium levels

the heart

what causes hypokalemia

potassium wasting diuretics, increased aldosterone, d and v

what caused hyperkalemia

k sparing diuretics, IV K, decreased

what are the s and s of hypokalemia

EKG changes, irregular pulse, muscle weakness

what are the s and s of hyperkalemia

EKG changes, heart block, bradycardia, paresthesia, nausea, diarrhea

what are the normal levels for Calcium

9-10.5

what is the cause for hypocalemia

renal failure, low pth and vit d, increased phosphate, diarrhea

what is the cause for hypercalcemia

increased pth and vit d, decreased phosphate, cancer, prolonged immobility

what are the s and s for hypocalcemia

fractures, chovek sign, hyper reflexes, neuromuscular irritability, tingling, numbness, pathological fractures

what are the s and s for hypercalcemia

kidney stones, hypo reflexes, pathological fractures, decreased neuromuscular excitability

what levels are hypophosphatemia

less than 2.5

what are the normal levels of magnesium

1.8 -2.4

what do neutrophils do

first responders

what do macrophages do during chronic inflammation

increase in numbers

what is margination

cell wall gets sticky

what is diapedisis

cells move through the vessel

what are the steps for chemotaxis

1. call cells over

2. margination

3. vessel dilation

4. diapedisis

what starts the clotting cascade

factor 12

what is fibrinous exudate

glues organs together

what is purulent exudate

increased neutrophils and bacteria, walled off in cells

what are the steps of wound healing

1. inflammation

2. proliferation/new tissue forms

3. new scar tissue

4. remodeling

who are at risk for delayed wound healing

diabetes, poor nutrition, immunosuppressed, obese, decreased blood flow

what is eviceration

when the organ falls out of a wound

what immunoglobins transfer from mother to baby

IgG

immunoglobin present in breast milk

IgA

immunoglobin that shows up early in infection

IgM

immunoglobin that is connected with an allergic response/ parasitic infection

IgE

will a preterm baby be immunodeficient

yes

what does A blood have

A antigens, B antibodies

what does B blood have

B antigens, A antibodies

what does AB blood have

A and B antigens, no antibodies

what does O blood have

no antigens, A and B antibodies

if magnesium is too low what can never

what does a Th cell do

turns on B cells

what does a Tc cell do

attacks directly

what does a Ts cell do

controls cell mediated and humoral responsees

what does a Tm cell do

memory cell