World History 10(Abeka) Chap.3

Babylon

The first empire after Sumer to rule the Middle East.

Hammurabi

King of Babylon; known for law and government achievements.

Place‑Value Notation

Greatest mathematical achievement of the Babylonians; a system where value depends on position.

Justice

Use of authority and power to uphold what is right, just, and lawful.

Hittites

Indo‑European people from Anatolia (Asia Minor/Turkey) who raided Babylon around 1600 B.C.

Hittite Empire

Empire that dominated Asia Minor; first to use iron extensively.

Holy Land

Region known as Canaan, Palestine, or Israel.

Three Monotheistic Religions

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam — all view the Holy Land as sacred.

Canaan's Geography

Main highway of the ancient world connecting Africa, Asia, and Europe.

Israel's Climate

Has the greatest variety of climate and topography of any country its size.

Patriarchs

Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Jacob's 12 sons — founding fathers of Israel.

Covenant

A solemn agreement; God made one with His people.

Ten Commandments

God's moral law given at Mt. Horeb; also called the Decalogue.

Moses

One of the greatest men in world history; led Israel and received God's law.

Old Babylonian Empire

The first empire to rule the Middle East after Sumer; its greatest achievement was in government and law.

Babel

Means 'gate of God' in Akkadian; Hebrews linked it to 'confuse.'

Epic of Gilgamesh

The world's oldest work of literature outside the Bible.

Astrology

False belief that heavenly bodies influence human affairs.

Assyrian Empire

Empire founded by Tiglath‑pileser I; known for cruelty and conquest.

Tiglath‑pileser I

Assyria's first great monarch; established the Assyrian Empire.

Ashurbanipal

Assyria's last great monarch; built the world's first great library.

Chaldeans

Semitic people who formed the Neo‑Babylonian Empire.

Nabopolassar

Founder of the Neo‑Babylonian Empire.

Nebuchadnezzar

Chaldean king who destroyed Jerusalem in 586 B.C.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Terraced gardens; one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Cyrus the Great

Founder of the Persian Empire; called 'my shepherd' and 'my anointed' by God.

Persian Empire

Empire stretching from Egypt to India; built by Cyrus and successors.

Darius I

Persian king who organized satrapies and created the world's first postal service.

Xerxes I (Ahasuerus)

Persian king; husband of Queen Esther.

Zoroastrianism

Persian religion emphasizing moral dualism and the sanctity of law.

David

Man after God's own heart; second king of Israel; ruled 40 years.

Solomon

Name means 'peace'; ruled 40 years; built Israel into a powerful empire.

Jesus Christ

Messiah of Israel and Savior of the world; born while Rome ruled.

Byzantine Empire

Eastern Roman Empire; controlled parts of the Middle East for over 1,000 years.

Islam

Religion that threatened Byzantium; founded by Mohammed.

Mohammed

Arab mystic from Mecca; founder of Islam.

Hegira

Mohammed's flight from Mecca to Medina; marks Year 1 of Islamic calendar.

Caliphs

Successors of Mohammed who led Islam after his death.

Koran

Holy book of Islam.