Population Dynamics and Industry Types: Key Concepts in Human Geography

Population Dynamics

The study of how and why populations change in size, structure, and distribution over time. Includes birth rate, death rate, immigration, emigration, and life expectancy.

Population Density

The number of people living per unit area of land (usually per square kilometer or mile). Shows how crowded or sparse an area is.

Population Density Calculation

Formula: Population Density = Total Population ÷ Land Area (km²). Example: If a region has 500,000 people and covers 1,000 km² → Density = 500,000 / 1,000 = 500 people per km².

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another to live or work.

In-migration

Moving into a country for resources, jobs, or better living conditions.

Out-migration

Moving out of a country to settle elsewhere.

Environmental Factors

Natural conditions that influence where and how people live. Examples: Vegetation, landforms (plains & mountains), weather/climate, water supply, raw materials, and soil type.

Population Pyramids

Graphs that show the age and sex structure of a population. Used to predict future population trends (growth, stability, decline).

Primary Industries

Industries that extract or harvest natural resources. Examples: Farming, fishing, forestry, mining.

Secondary Industries

Industries that process raw materials into finished goods. Examples: Manufacturing, construction, food processing.