BIOL1002 W25 Secction 5 PlantReproduction_partII

EXAM #1

Germination

The process by which a seed develops into a new plant.

Epicotyl

The part of the seedling that is above the cotyledons and will develop into the shoot system.

Radicle

The embryonic root of a seedling that grows downward to anchor the plant and absorb water.

Cotyledons

Seed leaves that provide nutrients to the developing seedling before true leaves develop.

Endosperm

A tissue that provides nourishment to the developing embryo in a seed.

Double Fertilization

A unique process in angiosperms where one sperm fertilizes the egg while another sperm fuses with polar nuclei to form the endosperm.

Dioecious species

Plants that have separate male and female individuals, preventing self-fertilization.

Asexual reproduction

A mode of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes, resulting in genetically identical offspring.

Cloning

The process of producing genetically identical individuals from a parent plant.

Apomixis

A form of asexual reproduction where seeds are produced without fertilization.

Self-incompatibility

A plant's mechanism to reject its own pollen to avoid self-fertilization.

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Organisms that have had their DNA altered for specific traits.

Transgenic plants

Plants that have been genetically modified to express a gene from another organism.

Floral adaptations

Structural features of flowers that help prevent self-fertilization.

Fragmentation

A type of asexual reproduction where a parent plant breaks into parts that develop into whole plants.

Grafting

A horticultural technique where a twig or bud from one plant is attached to the root system of another.

Golden Rice

A genetically modified rice variety developed to improve vitamin A content and combat deficiencies.

Biofuels

Renewable fuels made from plant materials through fermentation and distillation.

Bt maize

Corn that has been genetically modified to express a bacterial toxin that protects it from pests.