BLOOD AND TISSUE FLAGELLATES (copy)

Trypanosoma cruzi

the only trypanosome that has an intracellular amastigote stage

Humans

one of the vertebrate host of Trypanosoma cruzi

Reduviid bug

intermediate host of Trypanosoma cruzi

Mexico

one of the geographic distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi

Amastigote

found intracellularly in a human host

no free flagellum

Leishmania form

other term of Amastigote

Promastigote

elongated spindle-shaped with pointed ends and a short flee flagellum that arises from the kinetoplast at the anterior end

Leptomonas form

other term for promastigote

Epimastigote

elongate spindle-shaped with the free flagellum from the anterior continuing backwards along the margin of the undulating membrane and ends at the kinetoplast which is situated anterior to the nucleus

Crithidia

other term for epimastigote

Trypomastigote

found in the human host blood stream as well as infective stage metacyclic trypomastigote in the fly vector

Trypanosoma form

other term for trypomastigote

Amastigote

develops in cardiac muscle, brain tissue, visceral tissue

round or ovoid in shape

Chagoma

localized inflammation at the site of infection

Romana’s sign

conjunctivitis and unilateral edema of the eyes

Cardiac damage

most common serious form of the disease

CNS involvement

signs of agitation, disorientation, aphasia, coma (death if left untreated)

Xenodiagnosis

successful even in the later part of the disease when blood films are negative

Nifurtimox

Drug of choice for Trypanosoma cruzi

Trypanosoma brucei complex

are pathogenic for humans in Africa

“brucei-gambiense-rhodesiense-complex”

Polymorphic trypanosomes

seen in blood and CSF

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

parasite can be found in the wet lowlands and rainforest of West and Central Africa

West african sleeping sickness

disease for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

Bite of an infected Tsetse fly

mode of transmission for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

1st stage

asymptomatic incubation period

2nd stage

Trypomastigote found in the blood stream and lymphatic system

Winterbottom’s sign

enlargement of the post-cervical chain of lymph nodes

Kerandel’s sign

delayed sensation to pain

3rd stage

takes 6 months - 1 years after the onset of first symptoms

Pentamidine

treatment for 2nd stage

Suramin

more toxic than pentamidine

treatment for 1st and 2nd stage

maybe prescribed during pregnancy

Melarsoprol

treatment for 3rd stage

Eflornithine

the resurrection drug

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

More common in males than female

pathology is similar to Gambian form but more severe and fatal

Promastigote

infective stage of Leishmania tropica complex

Amastigote

diagnostic stage of Leishmania tropica complex

Sand fly

vector of Leishmania tropica complex

Old world cutaneous Leishmanias

one of the diseases of Leishmania tropica complex

Leishmania recidiva

due to an exaggerated delayed hypersensitivity response to parasite antigen

Montenegro (Leishmanin) Skin test

delayed hypersensitivity reaction

Sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam)

drug of choice for Leishmania tropica complex

New world cutaneous leishmaniasis

one of the diseases of Leishmania mexicana complex

Lutzomyia sandfly

vector of Leishmania mexicana complex

Mucocutaneous lesions

growth of polyp-like appendages in the nasal cavity

Tapir nose

destruction of oropharyngeal mucosa

Chiclero ulcer

erosion of the pinna of ear of forest workers

Amastigotes (leishmania stage)

In mammalian tissues

Promastigote form (leptomonas stage)

in the gut of sandflies or in cultures

Phlebotomus sandflies, Lutzomyia

vector of Leishmania donovani complex

Pentostam

Lomidine

Drug of choice for Leishmania donovani complex