LARA P3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

A nurse notices frequent cases of hospital-acquired pneumonia. She decides to use EBP to address this issue. What is her first step?
a. Construct a PICO question
b. Assess the patient/problem
c. Search for evidence
d. Apply interventions

b. Assess the patient/problem

A student nurse is asked to frame a clinical question using PICO. Which of the following is correct?
a. Patient, Integrity, Control, Outcome
b. Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome
c. Problem, Intensity, Control, Object
d. Patient, Information, Care, Observation

b. Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome

A nurse wants to determine the best non-pharmacological intervention for pain relief after surgery. What database is most appropriate for searching evidence?
a. Facebook
b. Cochrane Library
c. Wikipedia
d. Instagram

b. Cochrane Library

A nurse reviews evidence on infection control but considers the patient’s cultural practices before applying it. Which EBP element does this reflect?
a. Research evidence only
b. Patient preferences
c. Clinical expertise
d. Institutional policies

b. Patient preferences

A nurse leader encourages staff to implement hand hygiene protocols based on recent research. This is an example of:
a. Resistance to change
b. Promoting EBP culture
c. Regulatory compliance only
d. Traditional practice

b. Promoting EBP culture

An increase in elderly patients with chronic diseases pushes hospitals to adopt new care models. This reflects which supporting factor?
a. Competitive market
b. Social and demographic trends
c. Cost-effectiveness
d. Institutional support

b. Social and demographic trends

Patients now demand less invasive treatments with better outcomes. Which factor supports research utilization here?
a. Consumer expectations
b. Health policies
c. Demographic changes
d. Regulatory requirements

a. Consumer expectations

A hospital implements evidence-based discharge protocols to reduce readmission rates. Which factor supports this?
a. Cost-effectiveness
b. Skepticism
c. Resistance to change
d. Lack of resources

a. Cost-effectiveness

A hospital is required by PhilHealth to meet quality standards of care. This reflects:
a. Institutional support
b. Government health policy
c. Regulatory requirements
d. Nurse leadership

c. Regulatory requirements

The Department of Health launches a vaccination drive based on global research. Which factor supports this?
a. Institutional support
b. Government health policy
c. Consumer expectations
d. Cost-effectiveness

b. Government health policy

A nurse wants to apply a new evidence-based wound care method but cannot due to time constraints. This barrier is:
a. Lack of knowledge
b. Heavy workload
c. Skepticism
d. Institutional resistance

b. Heavy workload

A nurse refuses to use EBP, claiming “traditional methods are enough.” This barrier is:
a. Lack of knowledge
b. Skepticism towards EBP
c. Institutional policy
d. Heavy workload

b. Skepticism towards EBP

A staff nurse struggles to find relevant journals and resources. This barrier is:
a. Lack of knowledge
b. Limited time and resources
c. Skepticism
d. Heavy workload

b. Limited time and resources

To overcome skepticism, hospitals should:
a. Increase workload
b. Remove EBP education
c. Provide mentorship and training
d. Eliminate patient preferences

c. Provide mentorship and training

An institution supports nurses with EBP workshops and access to journals. This is an example of:
a. Professional development
b. Lack of resources
c. Institutional barrier
d. Skepticism management

a. Professional development

A nursing student reviews a study to check if its findings are relevant to nursing practice. This step is called:
a. Research utilization
b. Research critiquing
c. Evidence application
d. Data analysis

b. Research critiquing

A nurse is evaluating if a study used proper sampling methods. Which aspect of critique is this?
a. Substance
b. Methodology
c. Style
d. Theory

b. Methodology

A researcher obtained consent but failed to protect participant anonymity. Which ethical principle was violated?
a. Informed consent
b. Beneficence
c. Confidentiality
d. Validity

c. Confidentiality

A research report is well-written, clear, and grammatically correct. Which critique aspect does this reflect?
a. Theory
b. Style and structure
c. Methodology
d. Ethics

b. Style and structure

A nurse checks if the findings of a study align with other existing literature. This is:
a. Interpretation of findings
b. Ethical consideration
c. Data collection
d. Reliability testing

a. Interpretation of findings

A study titled “Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Nursing Student Performance” is critiqued. Which element is being checked?
a. Literature review
b. Title accuracy
c. Data analysis
d. Methodology

b. Title accuracy

A researcher clearly defines “stress” as measured by a standardized scale. This refers to:
a. Validity
b. Operationalization of variables
c. Reliability
d. Data collection

b. Operationalization of variables

A nurse critiques whether the sample size is large enough to minimize bias. This checks:
a. Literature review
b. Research design rigor
c. Abstract accuracy
d. Style

b. Research design rigor

A qualitative researcher uses interviews and field notes. This reflects:
a. Quantitative data collection
b. Qualitative data collection methods
c. Reliability testing
d. Random sampling

b. Qualitative data collection methods

A nurse researcher ensures data is credible, transferable, and dependable. These are aspects of:
a. Quantitative validity
b. Qualitative trustworthiness
c. Statistical analysis
d. Ethical clearance

b. Qualitative trustworthiness

A research abstract summarizes the problem, method, and findings in less than 300 words. What is being critiqued?
a. Title accuracy
b. Abstract clarity
c. Data validity
d. Sample size

b. Abstract clarity

A nurse critiques whether the introduction justifies the need for a study. This refers to:
a. Hypothesis evaluation
b. Literature review
c. Problem statement clarity
d. Data collection

c. Problem statement clarity

A study includes a hypothesis: “Increasing nurse-patient ratios reduces medication errors.” This shows:
a. Null hypothesis
b. Research hypothesis
c. Descriptive research question
d. Qualitative research question

b. Research hypothesis

A nurse checks if the literature review uses updated and primary sources. Which critique area is this?
a. Methodology
b. Literature review evaluation
c. Results presentation
d. Recommendations

b. Literature review evaluation

A researcher randomizes participants into two groups to avoid bias. This addresses:
a. Reliability
b. Validity threats
c. Ethics
d. Data transferability

b. Validity threats

A study presents results in clear tables and graphs. Which aspect of critique does this fall under?
a. Findings interpretation
b. Results presentation
c. Literature synthesis
d. Abstract clarity

b. Results presentation

A researcher acknowledges small sample size as a limitation. Why is this important?
a. It proves reliability
b. It guides realistic application
c. It strengthens bias
d. It hides weaknesses

b. It guides realistic application

A nurse checks if recommendations are feasible in actual practice. This refers to:
a. Practice recommendation assessment
b. Abstract clarity
c. Hypothesis evaluation
d. Theory review

a. Practice recommendation assessment

In qualitative research, purposive sampling is used. Why?
a. To ensure statistical significance
b. To select participants aligned with research goals
c. To randomize population
d. To measure variables numerically

b. To select participants aligned with research goals

A nurse researcher interviews patients to explore their lived experiences with cancer. This reflects:
a. Quantitative method
b. Experimental design
c. Qualitative methodology
d. Random sampling

c. Qualitative methodology

A qualitative researcher uses thematic coding to identify patterns. This refers to:
a. Data analysis technique
b. Hypothesis formulation
c. Literature synthesis
d. Statistical test

a. Data analysis technique

A nurse checks if findings in a qualitative study can apply to similar clinical contexts. This refers to:
a. Dependability
b. Transferability
c. Reliability
d. Sensitivity

b. Transferability

A researcher reflects on how her own beliefs influenced data interpretation. This is:
a. Reflexivity
b. Validity threat
c. Reliability testing
d. Data triangulation

a. Reflexivity

A nurse critiques if findings directly answer the research question. This checks:
a. Clarity of findings
b. Alignment with research question
c. Validity of data
d. Reliability of results

b. Alignment with research question

A study uses peer debriefing and audit trails to ensure credibility. This addresses:
a. Validity
b. Trustworthiness
c. Ethics
d. Statistical testing

b. Trustworthiness

A researcher collects data by looking at past medical records. This is:
a. Prospective research
b. Retrospective research
c. Cross-sectional research
d. Delphi technique

b. Retrospective research

A study collects data from a community at one single point in time. This is:
a. Retrospective study
b. Cross-sectional study
c. Prospective study
d. Experimental study

b. Cross-sectional study

A nurse systematically observes handwashing practices using a checklist. This is:
a. Unstructured observation
b. Structured observation
c. Randomized study
d. Case study

b. Structured observation

A researcher observes patient interactions freely without a checklist. This is:
a. Structured observation
b. Unstructured observation
c. Delphi technique
d. Prospective design

b. Unstructured observation

Experts are asked to answer questionnaires repeatedly until a consensus is reached. This technique is:
a. Nominal group technique
b. Delphi technique
c. Structured interview
d. Triangulation

b. Delphi technique

A researcher classifies gender as a variable in her study. This is:
a. Interval variable
b. Nominal variable
c. Ratio variable
d. Ordinal variable

b. Nominal variable

A researcher uses a pain scale ranging from “mild” to “severe.” This is:
a. Interval
b. Ordinal
c. Ratio
d. Nominal

b. Ordinal

A thermometer that measures temperature in Celsius is an example of:
a. Nominal variable
b. Ratio variable
c. Interval variable
d. Ordinal variable

c. Interval variable

A researcher records a patient’s weight in kilograms. This is:
a. Ordinal variable
b. Interval variable
c. Ratio variable
d. Nominal variable

c. Ratio variable

A test gives consistent results when repeated. This property is called:
a. Validity
b. Sensitivity
c. Reliability
d. Specificity

c. Reliability

A researcher administers the same test twice with similar results. This checks:
a. Test-retest reliability
b. Internal validity
c. Sensitivity
d. Specificity

a. Test-retest reliability

Cronbach’s alpha measures:
a. Sensitivity of test
b. Internal consistency
c. External validity
d. Transferability

b. Internal consistency

A researcher compares two raters’ scores to see if they agree. This tests:
a. Test-retest reliability
b. Inter-rater reliability
c. Validity
d. Sensitivity

b. Inter-rater reliability

A test truly measures what it intends to measure. This refers to:
a. Reliability
b. Validity
c. Specificity
d. Dependability

b. Validity

A diagnostic test correctly identifies patients who have the disease. This refers to:
a. Specificity
b. Reliability
c. Sensitivity
d. Transferability

c. Sensitivity

A test correctly identifies those who do not have the disease. This is:
a. Sensitivity
b. Reliability
c. Specificity
d. Validity

c. Specificity

A nurse criticizes a study because participants dropped out, affecting results. This is an example of:
a. Sampling bias
b. Attrition bias
c. Selection bias
d. Confirmation bias

b. Attrition bias

A researcher only includes patients who agree with her study assumptions. This is:
a. Selection bias
b. Attrition bias
c. Measurement bias
d. Recall bias

a. Selection bias

A researcher interprets data to match her expectations. This is:
a. Confirmation bias
b. Measurement bias
c. Selection bias
d. Random error

a. Confirmation bias

A study used a faulty instrument that always overestimates blood pressure. This is:
a. Attrition bias
b. Selection bias
c. Measurement bias
d. Recall bias

c. Measurement bias

A researcher calculates the average weight of patients. This is:
a. Mode
b. Median
c. Mean
d. Range

c. Mean

In a dataset, the middle value is called:
a. Median
b. Mean
c. Mode
d. Standard deviation

a. Median

The most frequently occurring value in a dataset is:
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
d. Range

c. Mode

A measure of variability that shows how far data spreads from the mean is:
a. Range
b. Variance
c. Standard deviation
d. Mode

c. Standard deviation

A nurse uses a p-value of <0.05 in her study. This means:
a. The result is statistically significant
b. The result is invalid
c. The test is unreliable
d. The hypothesis is false

a. The result is statistically significant

A researcher compares the mean scores of two groups. Which test is appropriate?
a. Chi-square test
b. t-test
c. ANOVA
d. Regression

b. t-test

A study compares the means of three different groups. The best test is:
a. Chi-square
b. Regression
c. ANOVA
d. Correlation

c. ANOVA

A nurse wants to see if there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer. Which test applies?
a. Correlation
b. Chi-square test
c. t-test
d. ANOVA

b. Chi-square test

A researcher measures the strength and direction of relationship between hours of sleep and grades. Which test?
a. Chi-square
b. Regression
c. Correlation
d. ANOVA

c. Correlation

A nurse predicts patient recovery days based on nutrition score. Which test is appropriate?
a. Regression analysis
b. ANOVA
c. Correlation
d. Chi-square

a. Regression analysis

A nurse manager wants to reduce falls in the ward. Which first step follows EBP?
a. Implement change immediately
b. Formulate a PICO question
c. Review patient feedback only
d. Collect anecdotal evidence

b. Formulate a PICO question

A hospital administrator funds access to PubMed for nurses. This supports:
a. Institutional support for EBP
b. Barrier to practice
c. Selection bias
d. Ethical review only

a. Institutional support for EBP

A nurse conducts a prospective study on exercise and diabetes prevention. This means:
a. She studies past data
b. She follows participants into the future
c. She collects cross-sectional data
d. She only interviews patients

b. She follows participants into the future

A new wound care protocol reduces patient stay and cost. This reflects:
a. Regulatory compliance
b. Cost-effectiveness
c. Social trends
d. Cultural barriers

b. Cost-effectiveness

A nurse questions if results of a U.S. study can be applied to her Philippine hospital. She is checking:
a. Validity
b. Reliability
c. Transferability
d. Specificity

c. Transferability

A hospital ensures informed consent for all research participants. This addresses:
a. Ethics
b. Validity
c. Reliability
d. Bias

a. Ethics

A research instrument has a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.92. This indicates:
a. Low validity
b. High internal consistency
c. Low sensitivity
d. Poor reliability

b. High internal consistency

A study finds p = 0.40 when comparing two groups. The correct interpretation is:
a. Results are statistically significant
b. No significant difference between groups
c. Hypothesis is proven
d. The test is invalid

b. No significant difference between groups

A nurse asks if handwashing reduces infection rates compared to alcohol rub. This is an example of:
a. A descriptive question
b. A PICO question
c. A qualitative hypothesis
d. A theory

b. A PICO question

A nurse uses structured interviews and open-ended questions. This method belongs to:
a. Quantitative data collection
b. Qualitative data collection
c. Statistical testing
d. Reliability testing

b. Qualitative data collection

A hospital monitors patient outcomes after implementing a new protocol. This step in EBP is:
a. Appraising evidence
b. Applying evidence in practice
c. Evaluating outcomes
d. Formulating questions

c. Evaluating outcomes

A researcher repeats her study in another population to see if results hold. This checks:
a. Reliability
b. Validity
c. Generalizability
d. Bias

c. Generalizability

A nurse reviews if a study aligns with nursing theories. This checks:
a. Style
b. Theoretical framework
c. Data analysis
d. Abstract

b. Theoretical framework

A patient refuses participation in a study, and the nurse respects this. This upholds:
a. Confidentiality
b. Informed consent and autonomy
c. Reliability
d. Validity

b. Informed consent and autonomy

A study ensures no harm comes to participants. This principle is:
a. Beneficence
b. Autonomy
c. Justice
d. Reliability

a. Beneficence

A researcher assigns participants randomly into treatment and control groups. This design is:
a. Experimental
b. Qualitative
c. Cross-sectional
d. Retrospective

a. Experimental

A nurse finds that patients with higher education have better compliance rates. This variable “education” is:
a. Ordinal
b. Interval
c. Ratio
d. Nominal

a. Ordinal

A researcher tests a new diet plan on diabetic patients and compares HbA1c after 6 months. This is:
a. Cross-sectional
b. Prospective experimental study
c. Retrospective study
d. Delphi technique

b. Prospective experimental study

A hospital leader motivates staff to adopt EBP despite skepticism. This reflects overcoming:
a. Institutional barrier
b. Professional development
c. Organizational resistance
d. Limited resources

c. Organizational resistance

A research report offers realistic solutions for clinical settings. This critique aspect is:
a. Style
b. Recommendations
c. Methodology
d. Abstract clarity

b. Recommendations

A nurse ensures data collection methods are appropriate and reliable. This is critique of:
a. Introduction
b. Data collection methods
c. Style
d. Literature review

b. Data collection methods

A study consistently shows the same findings when replicated. This is:
a. Reliability
b. Validity
c. Specificity
d. Sensitivity

a. Reliability

A researcher ensures confidentiality of patient names in reports. This reflects:
a. Validity
b. Reliability
c. Ethics
d. Sensitivity

c. Ethics

A nurse critiques whether results are integrated with past research. This reflects:
a. Interpretation of findings
b. Abstract
c. Literature review
d. Style

a. Interpretation of findings

A qualitative study with rich, detailed descriptions of experiences shows:
a. Transferability
b. Credibility
c. Reliability
d. Validity

b. Credibility

A researcher provides enough detail for others to repeat the study. This reflects:
a. Confirmability
b. Dependability
c. Validity
d. Sensitivity

b. Dependability

A nurse reads a report where results were exaggerated due to small sample size. This limitation is:
a. Ethical bias
b. Sample size weakness
c. Reliability issue
d. Transferability issue

b. Sample size weakness

A study acknowledges its limitations openly. This adds to:
a. Credibility
b. Reliability
c. Validity
d. Specificity

a. Credibility

A nurse questions if a study’s recommendation can realistically be applied in her hospital. This evaluates:
a. Practice recommendation feasibility
b. Literature review consistency
c. Hypothesis clarity
d. Abstract accuracy

a. Practice recommendation feasibility

A nursing student critiques whether a study meaningfully contributes to evidence-based practice. This refers to:
a. Substance of the study
b. Methodology
c. Style
d. Ethical consideration

a. Substance of the study