Final Exam Vocabulary Gen Chem I

Dalton’s Law

A law stating that in the mixture of gases total pressure is equal to the sum of partial pressures exerted by each component on the gas

internal energy

The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the particles in a system

diamagnetism

The tendency of a species not to be attracted by a magnetic eld as a result of its electrons being paired.

Hess’s Law

A law stating that the enthalpy change of an overall process is the sum of the enthalpy changes of the individual steps.

electron afinity

The energy change accompanying the addition of one mole of electrons to one mole of gaseous atoms or ions

heat capacity

The quantity of heat required to change the temperature of an object by 1 K.

Hund’s rule

A principle stating that when orbitals of equal energy are available, the electron conguration of the lowest energy has the maximum number of unpaired electrons with parallel spins.

electronegativity

The relative ability of a bonded atom to attract shared electrons.

photon

A quantum of electromagnetic radiation.

Born-Haber Cycle

A series of hypothetical steps and their enthalpy changes that convert elements to an ionic compound; it is used to calculate the lattice energy.

radical

A molecular or atomic species with one or more unpaired electrons, which typically make it very reactive

partial pressure

The portion of the total pressure contributed by a gas in a mixture of gases.

dispersion

The intermolecular attraction between all particles as a result of instantaneous polarization of their electron clouds.

extensive property

A measurable quantity that depends upon the amount of substance present

oxidation

The loss of electrons by a species

photon

A quantum of electromagnetic radiation.

equatorial

An atom or group that lies in the trigonal plane of a trigonal bipyramidal molecule or a similar structural feature in a molecule.

surface tension

The energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a given amount

viscosity

A measure of the resistance of liquid to ow

isotopes

Atoms of a given atomic number that have different numbers of neutrons.

mass number

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

physical property

A characteristic shown by a substance itself, without interacting with, or changing into other substances.

lanthanides

The Period 6 series of inner transition elements

work

The energy transferred when an object is moved by a force

electrolyte

A substance that conducts a current when it is dissolved in water

reduction

The gain of electrons by a species

polarizability

The ease with which a particles electron cloud can be distorted.

polyatomic ion

An ion in which two or more atoms are bonded covalently.

phase

A physically distinct and homogeneous part of a system