AP European History PEOPLE REVIEW

John Wycliffe

he believed Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the head of the church and that the bible was final authority of Christian life he was offended by clergy's wealth and worldliness

Jan Hus

• German professor (influenced by Wycliffe) who said that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope. He was burned at stake

• A German theologian who was the first real reformer on the Church. He was burned at the stake but his ideas led to a papal crusade against the Hussites.

Joan of Arc

She participated in the lifting of the English siege of Orléans in 1429. Was the turning point in the war for the French but eventually was captured by the English and burned as a heretic in 1431.

Flagellants

extremist groups who whipped and scourged themselves as penance for their and society's sins; believed that BD was God's punishment for humanity's wickedness

Giovanni Boccaccio

(1313-1375) An Italian author who wrote the "Decameron," a book about secular stories during the Black Plague.

Valois Family

the royal house of France from 1328 to 1589, ruling the nation from the end of the Middle Ages to the rule of Henry IV. This family continued the work of unifying France and centralizing royal power begun under their predecessors, the Capetian dynasty.

Martin Luther

A German monk who broke away from Catholicism after witnessing corruption in the Church

Charles V

A Habsburg, and the Holy Roman Emperor (Catholic German king) who opposed Luther’s beliefs

Protesant

The name originally given to the followers of Luther, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss humanist and protestant, claimed that Christian life rested on the Scripture and criticized Mass and monasticism

Anabaptists

believed in a delayed baptism and who wanted to complete separate from secular order

Habsburg Family

Dynasty of German-based Catholics opposed to the spread of Protestants

Henry VIII

Tudor king during the Protestant Reformation

Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary)

Devoutly Catholic English queen after Henry VIII, reversing Protestantism and slaughtering Protestants

Elizabeth l

Reign followed Mary Tudor, she re-established the Anglican church, but as a more moderate blend of the two religions to unify people

Mary Queen of Scots and Philip II

made a plot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth

John Calvin

a Protestant theologian and reformer who established his own religion in Geneva, Switzerland

John Knox

A follower of Calvin, who founded the Presbyterian faith in Scotland, putting an end to papal authority and created a governance by presbyters, or councils of ministers

Pope Paul III

The chief proponent and leader of the Catholic Reformation

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was to spread Roman Catholic faith (missionary work)

missionaries who converted indigenous people to Christianity, taught European agricultural methods, and instilled loyalty to colonial authorities.

Huguenots

French Calvinists

Henry IV (of Bourbon/Navarre)

French Protestant king who switched to Catholicism and created more order in terms of religion

Katharina von Bora

former nun, married Martin Luther, had several children, defined the role of a Protestant housewife

Popolo

Disenfranchised common people in Italian cities led by merchant guilds

Signori

Government by one-man rule in Italian cities such as Milan; also refers to these rulers

Lorenzo de’ Medici

A member of the very powerful Medici family ruling over Florence; a patron of the arts

Savonarola

Dominican friar who overthrew the Medicis, becoming the political and religious leader of Florence. He aimed to reorganize government and rid people of sin

Petrach

The “Father of Humanism,'“ who believed that past Roman writers/artists reached a level of perfection

Christian Humanists

Northern humanists who interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiquity and humanism in terms of their own religious traditions

Rafael

Which artist? - Painted the “School of Athens” and “Madonna and Child”

Donatello

Which artist? - Bronze statue of David

Da Vinci

Which artist? - “Mona Lisa” and “The Last Supper”

Michelangelo

Which artist? - Marble statue of David, the Sistine Chapel, “La Pieta”

Botticelli

Which artist? - “The Birth of Venus”

Albrecht Durer

Which artist? - Woodcuts

Hans Holbein

Which artist? - Portraiture (Henry VIII)

Jan Van Eyck

Which artist? - Arnolfini Wedding Portrait and Ghent Altarpiece

Pieter Bruegel

Which artist? - “The Elder" and “Peasant’s Wedding”

Charles VII

Began French recovery after the 100 Years’ war by diminishing the nobles, collecting taxes, and establishing the first permanent army

Henry VII

regained royal prestige, diminished the nobility, established the basis for the Royal Navy, and established order through Machiavellian principles

Ferdinand and Isabella

Of Aragon and Castille, they loosely united Spain, officially established Catholicism, and diminished the nobility.

New Christians

A term for Jews and Muslims in the Iberian peninsula who accepted Christianity

Fugger Family

A family in Germany who had a great deal of money due to international banking, and they used there pull to patronize art of the Northern Renaissance.

Medici Family

A family, made wealthy by starting a banking industry in Florence, who were major patrons to the arts during the Renaissance.

New Monarchs

European monarchs who created professional armies and a more centralized administrative bureaucracy. They began to limit power of local nobility. The new monarchs also negotiated a new relationship with the Catholic Church.

Mongol Emperors

The Mongol emperors opened the doors of China to the West, encouraging Europeans like Marco Polo to engage in business and trade with China.

Admiral Zheng He

Admiral Zheng He led seven major voyages from 1405 to 1433, involving hundreds of ships and tens of thousands of men, significantly expanding China's maritime influence.

Prince Henry the Navigator

was particularly enthusiastic in his financial support for expeditions, sponsoring annual voyages down the western coast of Africa.

Vasco De Gama

made it around the cape of good hope in Africa in 1494, landed near India, creating a complete water route to the Indial silk and spice trade for Portugal. He helped take control of port cities through cannon bombardment and diplomacy.

Christopher Columbus

believed he had found small islands off the east coast of Japan when he landed in the Bahamas, which he named San Salvador.

Amerigo Vespucci

realized that the 'New World' was a separate continent from Asia based on Marco Polo’s differing descriptions of Asia. This contributed to the understanding of the geography of the Americas, and started the rush to the Americas as an untapped “goldmine” for European nations.

Pedro Alvares Cabral

In 1500, Pedro Alvares Cabral landed on the coast of Brazil and claimed it as Portuguese territory, benefiting from the division established by the Treaty of Tordesillas.

Ferdinand Magellan

was a Portuguese mariner who sought a direct sea route to the Moluccas and is known for leading the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe, significantly expanding European knowledge of the world.

His voyage around south america revolutionized Europeans' understanding by demonstrating that the Earth was much larger than previously believed, altering perceptions of global geography.

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who found the st. Lawrence river and tried to use it to find a northwest passage to China.His exploration failed, but in Montreal it initiated a lucrative trade in beaver and other furs for the French.

Hernando Cortés

exploited internal dissension within the Aztec Empire’s smaller nations after founding Vera Cruz, which allowed him to make the empire collapse from the inside out through an allied rebellion

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer ambushed the Incas in 1532, captured their ruler Atahualpa, collected a ransom in gold, and executed him, leading to the downfall of the Inca Empire.

Samuel de Champlain

founded first permanent french settlement in Quebec

La Salle

french explorer who travelled the mississippi river and opened the way for french occupation of the Louisiana territory

Portuguese

first country to bring back enslaved Africans to the homeland as cargo

Michel de Montaigne

developed the essay as a new literary genre to express his thoughts grounded in skepticism and cultural relativism.

Shakespeare

english writer who romanticized the English language, wrote about societal criticism of black intolerance in his work “Othello”, and expanded vernacular literature. Known as the king of literature in t

Gustavus Adolphus

Swedish king who supported Protestants in the Holy Roman Emperor in the 30 Years War

Henry IV

established the Bourbon dynasty, the foundation for French absolutism

Cardinal Richelieu

the first minister of the French crown, expanded the government, kept France strong during the 30 years war

Intendants

an administrative system where people were established to monitor districts and other matters, solely responsible to the monarch

Cardinal Jules Mazarin

continued centralization policies during Louis XIV’s reign

Louis XIV

French king (1643-1715) who signified absolutism during the peak of the French monarchy

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

financial controller general and genius under Louis XIV

Philip II

Spanish Habsburg king, successor to Charles V, who gained significant power and prestige; first absolutist monarch (Spanish Armada)

Frederick William

Prussian ruler, called the “Great Elector”, unified territories of Prussia, Brandenburg, and the Rhine

Frederick William I

Prussian rules, called the “Soldier’s King”, dominated Junkers and oppressed peasants to secure power, established a society based around their army

Junkers

the nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia, who were reluctant allies of Frederick William in his consolidation of the Prussian state

Ivan IV (The Terrible)

Russian ruler who came to power through oppression of Russian nobles and peasants.

Boyars

The highest-ranking members of the Russian nobility

Cossacks

free groups and outlaw armies originally comprising runaway peasants living on the borders of Russian territory from the fourteenth century onward; Ivan IV firmly tied serfs to their lands in responses

Michael Romanov

elected by Russian nobles after the Time of Troubles in Russia, the new hereditary tsar; established the Romanov dynasty

Peter the Great

Russian ruler who aimed to expand territory, centralize power, and to reform and Westernize Russia

Sultan

the ruler of the Ottoman Empire; he owned all the agricultural land of the empire and was served by an army and bureaucracy composed of highly trained slaves

Janissary Corps

the core of the sultan’s army, composed of slave conscripts from non-Muslim parts of the empire

James I

succeeded Elizabeth I for the English Crown, establishing the Stuart dynasty

Puritan

members of a sixteenth- and seventeenth-century reform movement within the Church of England that advocated purifying it of Roman Catholic elements such as bishops, elaborate ceremonials, and wedding rings

Oliver Cromwell

member of Parliament and a devout Puritan who led the resistance against the monarchy; when in power, he dismissed Parliament, invaded Catholic Ireland, and was not very religiously tolerant of Catholics

beheads King Charles I

Thomas Hobbes

philosopher who held a pessimistic view of human nature; published his view in “Leviathan,” outlining his social contract theory and belief in a sole monarch

believed in the hateful nature of humanity and advocated the need for an absolute leader

Stadholder

the executive officer in each of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, a position often held by the princes of Orange

Peter Paul Rubens

Flemish Baroque artist; developed a rich, sensuous, colorful style that was characterized by animated figures, melodramatic contrasts, and monumental size

Johannes Vermeer

Dutch Baroque artist

Johann Sebastian Bach

German Baroque composer

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish cleric of the 15th/16th century who kickstarted the Scientific Revolution; opposed the geocentric view

Tycho Brahe

16th century astronomer who made meticulous naked-eye observations of the planets and the stars

Johannes Kepler

used Brahe’s astronomical data to develop his laws of planetary motion and support Copernicus’s theory

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer who observed the detail of the Moon and Sun, proposed new theories of motion, and went against pre-existing geocentric belief

Isaac Newton

English scientist who united experimental and theoretical mathematical sides of modern science to explain the forces of movement

Francis Bacon

argued that new knowledge had to be pursued through empirical research

Rene Descartes

argued about the state of the universe

Andreas Vesalius

Flemish physician studied anatomy by dissecting human bodies (prisoners)

William Harvey

discovered the circulation of blood through the veins and arteries and was the first to explain that the worked like a pump

Robert Boyle

undertook experiment to understand physics and chemistry, finding that the pressure of a gas varies inversely with volume

Philosophes

a group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment

John Locke

theorized that all ideas are derived from experience and advocated the education of children and the protection of natural rights

wrote “Second Treatise of Civil Government"; established life, liberty, and property as items which government should protect and maintain

Montesquieu

proposed ideas of checks and balances and a limited government, favoring constitutionalism over absolutism