Psychology 101 exam 4 mclaughlin

Psychopathology

Study of mental illness/disorders

Psychological disorders

Clinically significant disturbance in a persons thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that reflects dysfunction and mental functioning. It's not acceptable or culturally approved response to a common stressor or loss

DSM

Diagnostic and statistical manual

The four D's of psychology

Distress, dysfunction, deviance, danger to self

Comorbidity

Diagnosed with two or more mental disorders

dual diagnosis

Comorbid existence of substance use disorder with another psychiatric disorder

The three P's

Predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating causes

DSM (4 bullets)

-The American psychiatric Association guide for diagnosing mental disorders

- 250 diagnoses total

-used for making diagnosis'

- includes both categorical information and dimensional information

Schizophrenia

Involves a person split from reality, characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, abnormal movements, and lack of motivation and emotional expression

-in order to be diagnosed, a person must display two or more of the primary symptoms for at least a month with continuous signs of disturbance and interference with functioning for at least six months

-Symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech, abnormal behavior, negative symptoms

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Reflect a pathological excess or distortion of normal functions, such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech

- Tend to disappear as the disorder tend to disappear as a disorder goes into remission

- do you symptoms respond best to antipsychotic medication

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Represent A pathological deficit, or the absence of emotions or behaviors that are typically present in a psychologically healthy individual

- Long lasting

The five A's (negative symptoms of schizophrenia)

Alogia, avolition, anhedonia, affect, and asociality

Alogia

Without speech, don't talk a lot

Avolition

Without motivation

Anhendonia

Without fun, no pleasure

affect

Without emotional expression

Asociality

Without interest in social situations

What is the core feature of a personality disorder

Poor self image

The three I's of borderline personality disorders

Instability in relationships, identity disturbance, and impulsive behaviors

Personality disorders

Rigid, long-standing maladaptive patterns of behavior that make it difficult for individuals to have a healthy social relationship

- long-standing patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that interfere with functioning

Predisposing causes

Those underlying factors that make a person's susceptible to developing a disorder

precipitating causes

Stressful factors that lead to the emergence of the symptoms

perpetuating causes

Internal or external consequences of the disorder that serves to maintain the symptoms

borderline personality disorder

Personality disorder that involves dramatic and erratic emotions and behaviors that often includes self harming behavior

- unstable self image, mood, relationships

- fear of abandonment

dissociative identity disorder

Psychological disorder where a person experiences two or more, sometimes vastly different, personalities

- accompanied by extensive memory impairment and amnesia for certain events

Disassociative amnesia

Psychological disorder that causes sudden, selective memory loss, which is usually precipitated by a traumatic event

Disassociative disorders

Group of psychological disorders were the normal cognitive processes are fragmented causing a sudden loss of memory or change in personality

illness anxiety disorder

Involves significant health anxiety and anxiety related checking and avoidance behaviors

-fear of having a serious illness or disease

Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder)

Psychological disorder characterized by the sudden, temporary loss of a sensory or motor function, symptoms can include blindness, paralysis, deafness, or numbness of a particular body part

Somatic symptom disorder

Psychological disorder involving the combination of the presence of a physical symptom plus abnormal thoughts feelings or behaviors in response to the symptom

-to be diagnosed, the patient's response of the symptoms has to be excessive

binge eating disorder

Eating disorder that involves recurrent episodes of binge eating without subsequent compensatory behaviors

bulimia nervosa

Eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating and purging behaviors

- normal weight to overweight

anorexia nervosa

Eating disorder where an individual purposely loses weight to a point below which is considered healthy

- significantly underweight

- intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat

Bipolar II Disorder

Psychological disorder where individuals experience at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode

Hypomania

Milder form of mania that causes less severe mood elevations and does interfere with normal daily functioning

- only four days of symptoms are needed to qualify as an episode

Bipolar I Disorder

Psychological disorder where individuals experience at least one manic episode, most individuals have recurring mood episodes, alternating between periods of mania and major depression

mania

Periods of euphoria often accompanied by elevated self-esteem, increase talkativeness, enhanced energy, and decreased need for sleep

-at least one week of symptoms are needed to diagnose as an episode

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Psychological disorder involving significant mood symptoms (mood swings, your ability, sadness, anxiety) during the week leading up to the onset of menstruation in women

-diagnosis meant for women whose symptoms are so intense that they significantly interfere with their life

Presistent depressive disorder

Chronically depressed condition that last for at least two weeks for adults and one year for children

- to meet criteria for the diagnosis the individual must experience depressed mood on more days than not accompanied by at least two or more of the other symptoms of depression

- symptoms must cause significant impairment

- chronic disorder

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Psychological disorder characterized by signs of severe depression and accompanied by four other symptoms that last for more than two weeks

- symptoms: significant weight loss or weight gain, sleep disturbances, agitation, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, poor concentration, suicidal thoughts

acute stress disorder

Development of fear, anxiety, and other re-experiencing symptoms in response to a traumatic experience; symptoms last between three days and one month after the trauma

Posttraumatic stress disorder

Psychological disorder that develops in response to a traumatic event; symptoms must be present for more than one month and include the development of fear, anxiety, and other re-experiencing symptoms in response to the traumatic experience

- symptoms: exposed to trauma, intrusion symptoms, persistent avoidance, negative thoughts and mood, changes in psychological arousal and reactivity

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Psychological disorder involving repeated and uncontrollable thoughts, images, or urges that are often followed by repetitive and ritualistic behaviors in an effort to reduce the anxiety brought by the obsessions

- Extreme anxiety and avoidance

- must cause substantial distress and or impairment to be diagnosed

Obsessions vs compulsions

Obsessions: repeated intrusive uncontrollable thoughts/impulses that cause distress

Compulsions: repeated physical/mental behaviors that are done in RESPONSE to an obsession

agoraphobia (3 bullets

-For many ppl, Panic disorder can lead to this.

-Intense fear of being in a situation from which escape is difficult or impossible

-to be diagnosed, symptoms must be interfering with an individual's life for at least six months

generalized anxiety disorder

Psychological disorder involving uncontrollable "worry" and other cognitive and psychological symptoms

- must be present for at least six months and be accompanied by at least three of the following symptoms: restlessness, muscle tension, fatigue, your ability, difficulty sleeping, difficulty concentrating

panic disorder

-Psychological disorder where an individual experiences recurrent panic attacks, some of which are unexpected, followed by feelings of worry or dread about the potential of future panic attacks

- avoidance of daily life

- has to experience it for at least one month i'll be diagnosed

Anxiety disorder

Group of psychological disorders characterized by prolonged, uncontrollable, and sometimes vague feelings of worry or anxiety

Pediatric Bipolar Disorder. What medication is used to treat it?

Attention deficit hyper activity, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder. Potent psychotropic medications

panic attack

Sudden episode of intense fear accompanied with psychological symptoms, such as tightening of the chest and shortness of breath, which often occurs unexpectedly

specific phobia (3 bullets)

-Persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation.

-It must disrupt every day life in someway

-Has to last at least six months

biopsychosocial approach

Theatrical orientation that considers biological, psychological, sociocultural factors when explaining causes for psychological disorders

cultural relativism

Understanding that any individual's behavior or psychological symptom must be evaluated in the context of their own culture

medical model

Perspective that suggest that physical and psychological disorders develop, and should be treated, in the same way

culture-bound syndromes

Disorders that only exist in specific cultural groups

psychodynamic approach

Views the symptoms of a disorder as side effects of a deeper, underlying problem that needs to be resolved

behavioral approach

Attempts to change behaviors associated w psychological distress using the principles of learning . Looks at specific problems

- reinforcement

Cognitive Approach

Based on the theory that propels psychological problems are due to their own illogical beliefs and thoughts.

- replace negative thoughts w realistic ones

Cognitive and behavioral perspective

Recognizes the reciprocal connection between an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and how this triad can influence various psychological disorders

Socio-cultural approach

Recognizes the importance of taking into account each person specific social system, often gathered detailed information about the family structure and cultural values and norms prior to making any psychological diagnosis

biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

Fear

And emotional response, accompanied by psychological reactions that occurs in response to a specific threat

anxiety

And emotion which may or may not have associated psychological symptoms, that occurs in response to a less clearly defined threat

social anxiety disorder (3 bullets) to

-Psychological disorder involving marked and persistent fears of being scrutinized by others or embarrassed/humiliated in a public setting.

-Difficult to engage in daily social interactions

-most last for at least six months to be diagnosed

What do behavioralist believe

They believe that maladaptive behavior can be learned and unlearned

Cognitive psychologist

Review anxiety disorders as the result of distorted negative thoughts

Antidepressants

They will elevate a patients norepinephrine and serotonin levels in only a few days. Treat anxiety and depression.

humanistic approach

Focuses on each individual's unique and subjective experience. Help ppl become their best selves. Address psychological problems thru a lens of positivity and optimism.

- counseling env must include genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and accurate empathy

Cognitive Approach

Focuses on a persons negative thoughts and beliefs

cognitive triad

Explanation for mood disorders that includes negative thinking about themselves, the world, and future

learned helplessness

The tendency to remain in a punishing situation because of a history of repeated failures to escape in the past

dissociative fugue

The sudden loss of memory for one's personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumption of a new identity

diathesis-stress model

Model for explaining schizophrenia that suggests that the disorder developed from a genetic predisposition that interacts with emotional or environmental stress

avoidant personality disorder

High levels of social anxiety and feelings of inadequacy. These individuals want social interaction, but their Extreme shyness and fear of rejection makes it difficult to maintain relationships

paranoid personality disorder

Extreme suspicion and distrust of others. Jealous and critical of others. Difficult to maintain relationships

Schizoid

Loaners, show no interest in relationships with others. Appear cold and unemotional

schizotypal personality disorder

Peculiar and eccentric mannerisms and expressions of personality. Often holds strange beliefs and experience social anxiety. Relationships are difficult to maintain. Sometimes considered a mild form of schizophrenia

antisocial personality disorder

Criminal and deviant behavior accompanied by a lack of conscience. Observable by the age of 15. Includes people referred to as psychopaths or sociopaths

histrionic personality disorder

Excessively dramatic and emotional, manipulative, a need to be the center of attention. Despite an excessive display of emotions, these individuals tend to be emotionally shallow and thrive on the approval and praise of others

narcissistic personality disorder

Inflated sense of self worth and importance, in need for the deep admiration from others. Appear conceited and preoccupied with fantasies of their own success

dependent personality disorder

Insecure, clingy, and difficult making decisions on their own. Frequently seeking reassurance from others. Generally, have a difficult time with separation

Deinstitutionalization

Transferring care from institutions to communities

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Concerned with orderliness and perfectionism. Preoccupied with rules, schedules, and order. Difficulty maintaining relationships due to unrealistic expectations and controlling behavior

eclectic therapy

Drawing ideas from a variety of approaches

What percent of inmates are incarcerated?

Over half

Dorothea Dix

Lead the social reform in America for mentally ill ppl and the incarcerated in 1843 . American advocate

Philip Pinel

1792, director of a large mental hospital in France. Initiated the reform mvt

Transference

Project intense emotions, feelings onto therapist

Resistance

Resisting, not accepting therapy, blocking

dream analysis

A psychoanalytic technique in which the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client's dreams.

dream analysis: latent vs. manifest content

Latent- unconscious meaning of dream

Manifest- the way the dream is experienced and remembered by the dreamer

psycho therapy

Psychological intervention designed to help ppl resolve emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems

Psychoanalysis

Type of psychotherapy that utilizes Freudian concepts with an emphasis on the influence of the unconscious . Try's to make the unconscious conscious and reduce guilt and frustration.

free asociation

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

interpersonal psychotherapy

Strengthens social skills and try's to help individuals w interpersonal problems, conflicts, and life transitions

interpersonal psychotherapy is effective w

Depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

What is Becks cognitive model of depression?

Cognitive triad

antipsychotic drugs. Typical vs atypical

Typical- reduce or eliminate symptoms of disorders .

Atypical- newer, help w negative symptoms. Strong, serious side effects

anti-anxiety drugs

Addictive, quick acting

mood stabilizing drugs

Reduce mania, depression. Usually prescribed to ppl w bipolar disorder