Oral Antidiabetic Agents

Metformin

Brand: Glucophage | Class: Biguanide | Uses: First-line Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Linagliptin

Brand: Tradjenta | Class: DPP-4 (Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4) Inhibitor | Uses: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Saxagliptin

Brand: Onglyza | Class: DPP-4 (Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4) Inhibitor | Uses: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Sitagliptin

Brand: Januvia | Class: DPP-4 (Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4) Inhibitor | Uses: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Canagliflozin

Brand: Invokana | Class: SGLT2 (Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2) Inhibitor | Uses: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; Heart failure; Chronic kidney disease

Dapagliflozin

Brand: Farxiga | Class: SGLT2 (Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2) Inhibitor | Uses: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; Heart failure; Chronic kidney disease

Empagliflozin

Brand: Jardiance | Class: SGLT2 (Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2) Inhibitor | Uses: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; Heart failure; Chronic kidney disease

Glimepiride

Brand: Amaryl | Class: Sulfonylurea | Uses: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Glipizide

Brand: Glucotrol | Class: Sulfonylurea | Uses: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Glyburide

Brand: Diabeta; Glynase | Class: Sulfonylurea | Uses: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Pioglitazone

Brand: Actos | Class: Thiazolidinedione (TZD) | Uses: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Glucophage

Generic: Metformin

Tradjenta

Generic: Linagliptin

Onglyza

Generic: Saxagliptin

Januvia

Generic: Sitagliptin

Invokana

Generic: Canagliflozin

Farxiga

Generic: Dapagliflozin

Jardiance

Generic: Empagliflozin

Amaryl

Generic: Glimepiride

Glucotrol

Generic: Glipizide

Diabeta / Glynase

Generic: Glyburide

Actos

Generic: Pioglitazone

Metformin (Biguanide) - Common Side Effects

GI upset

DPP-4 Inhibitors - Common Side Effects

Upper respiratory tract infection / nasopharyngitis

SGLT2 Inhibitors - Common Side Effects

Genital mycotic infections / Urinary tract infections

Sulfonylureas - Common Side Effects

Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) & weight gain

Pioglitazone (TZD) - Common Side Effects

Edema (swelling) & weight gain

Metformin - Serious / Black-Box Risks

Lactic acidosis (higher risk with kidney disease)

DPP-4 Inhibitors - Serious / Black-Box Risks

Pancreatitis

SGLT2 Inhibitors - Serious / Black-Box Risks

Fournier's gangrene

Sulfonylureas - Serious / Black-Box Risks

Severe and prolonged hypoglycemia

Pioglitazone (TZD) - Serious / Black-Box Risks

May worsen heart failure

Metformin - High-Yield Interactions / Contraindications

Caution with iodinated contrast; contraindicated if eGFR < 30 mL/min

SGLT2 Inhibitors + Diuretics - High-Yield Interactions

Increased risk of hypotension (low blood pressure) and dehydration

Sulfonylureas + Insulin / Beta Blockers - High-Yield Interactions

Insulin augments hypoglycemia; Beta blockers mask hypoglycemia symptoms

Pioglitazone (TZD) - High-Yield Contraindications

Contraindicated in severe heart failure