The Nurses Role, Theory, & Teaching

What was nursing like in early civilization through the 16th century?

Health was determined by spirits, home care was prevalent, and the nurse's role became more defined.

What major nursing issue began to emerge during the historical development of nursing?

The beginning of a nursing shortage.

Who is strongly associated with nursing during the 19th through 21st centuries?

Florence Nightingale.

What occurred in nursing during World War II?

Nursing expanded and gained greater public and professional recognition.

What has characterized nursing from the 1950s to the present?

Nursing expansion and increased public and professional recognition.

Where does the word nursing originate?

The Latin word nutrix, meaning to nourish.

According to the ICN definition, what does nursing include?

Promotion of health, prevention of illness, advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy, and education.

Who is the central focus of all definitions of nursing?

The patient.

What dimensions of the patient are included in nursing care?

Physical, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions.

What are the four major goals of nursing?

Promote health, prevent illness, restore health, and facilitate coping with disability or death.

What does QSEN stand for?

Quality and Safety Education for Nurses.

What is the overall goal of QSEN?

To prepare future nurses with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to continuously improve the quality and safety of the health care systems in which they work.

What does KSA stand for in QSEN?

Knowledge, skills, and attitudes.

How many QSEN competencies are there?

Six.

What are the six QSEN competencies?

Patient-centered care, teamwork and collaboration, quality improvement, safety, evidence-based practice, and informatics.

What is the purpose of the QSEN competencies?

They describe how nurses intend to reach the goals of nursing while improving health care quality and safety.

What does patient-centered care mean in the context of QSEN?

Providing care that focuses on the individual patient and their needs, values, and preferences.

What does teamwork and collaboration mean in QSEN?

Working effectively with patients, families, and members of the health care team.

What does quality improvement mean in QSEN?

Using processes and information to continuously improve health care quality.

What does safety mean in QSEN?

Minimizing the risk of harm to patients and health care providers.

What does evidence-based practice mean in QSEN?

Using the best available evidence, clinical expertise, and appropriate patient considerations to guide care.

What does informatics mean in QSEN?

Using information and technology to communicate, manage knowledge, reduce error, and support safe patient care.

What is the main focus of promoting health?

Identifying, analyzing, and maximizing each patient's individual strengths.

How does promoting health relate to the other goals of nursing?

Patient strengths help prevent illness, restore health, and facilitate coping with disability or death.

What factors can influence a person's health?

Genetic inheritance, cognitive abilities, educational level, race and ethnicity, culture, age, biologic sex, developmental level, lifestyle, environment, socioeconomic status, and health literacy.

How can genetic inheritance influence health?

Genetic factors can influence a person's health risks and characteristics.

How can cognitive abilities influence health?

They can affect a person's ability to understand information and participate in health care.

How can educational level influence health?

It can influence knowledge, understanding, and the ability to make informed health decisions.

How can culture influence health?

Culture can influence health beliefs, practices, communication, and health care decisions.

How can age and developmental level influence health?

They influence health needs, risks, abilities, and the way care and teaching should be provided.

How can lifestyle and environment influence health?

They can affect exposure to risks and opportunities for healthy behaviors.

How can socioeconomic status influence health?

It can affect access to resources and opportunities that support health.

What is health literacy?

A person's ability to understand and use health information.

What is the Healthy People initiative designed to do?

Guide national health promotion and disease prevention efforts to improve the health of the nation.

When did the Healthy People initiative begin?

1980.

What does Healthy People set?

Measurable objectives to improve the health and well-being of people nationwide.

When is a new iteration of Healthy People launched?

At the beginning of every decade.

Why is a new Healthy People initiative launched each decade?

To address the latest public health priorities and challenges.

What is one goal of Healthy People?

Help people live healthy, thriving lives free from preventable illness, injury, disability, and early death.

How does Healthy People address health disparities?

It aims to reduce health disparities and promote equity.

How does Healthy People address health literacy?

It aims to improve health literacy so everyone can achieve well-being.

What types of environments does Healthy People aim to build?

Supportive social, physical, and economic environments.

What is the purpose of supportive environments in Healthy People?

To help all people reach their full health potential.

What does Healthy People support across the lifespan?

Healthy growth, behaviors, and well-being at every stage of life.

Who does Healthy People involve in improving health?

Leaders, communities, and the public.

How can leaders, communities, and the public improve health according to Healthy People?

By creating policies that improve health for all.

What does preventing illness involve?

Actions that help reduce risks and prevent the development of illness.

What is an example of preventing illness for pregnant women?

Prenatal care.

What is an example of a program used to prevent illness?

A smoking-cessation program.

What is another example of an illness-prevention program?

A stress-reduction seminar.

How do educational programs help prevent illness?

They provide information that encourages healthy behaviors.

How do community programs help prevent illness?

They provide resources and encourage healthy lifestyles.

What healthy behaviors can help prevent illness?

A healthy diet, exercise, and good health habits.

What sources can provide information that helps prevent illness?

Literature, television, radio, or Internet information.

What should nurses identify when preventing illness?

Areas of strength and risks for illness.

Where can health assessments for illness prevention occur?

Institutions, clinics, and community settings.

What is the focus of restoring health?

The person who has an illness.

What nursing action can help restore health by identifying illness?

Performing assessments that detect an illness.

What should a nurse do with abnormal findings or questions that require additional expertise?

Refer them to other health care providers as appropriate.

How does direct care help restore health?

The nurse provides care directly to the person who is ill.

How does collaboration contribute to restoring health?

The nurse works with other health care providers.

What role does rehabilitation have in restoring health?

Nurses plan, teach, and carry out rehabilitation for illnesses.

What specialized programs may nurses work in to help restore health?

Mental health and chemical-dependency programs.

What does facilitating coping with disability and death involve?

Helping patients and families adjust by teaching, supporting strengths, providing resources, and supporting end-of-life care.

How does patient teaching help facilitate coping?

It helps patients understand and manage disability, illness, or end-of-life changes.

How can community support systems help patients cope?

Nurses can refer patients to appropriate community resources.

What personal characteristics should nurses maximize when facilitating coping?

The person's strengths and potentials.

What type of program supports patients near the end of life?

Hospice programs.

What type of care is included when facilitating coping with death?

End-of-care or end-of-life care.

What are the four blended nursing competencies?

Cognitive, technical, interpersonal, and ethical/legal competencies.

What are cognitive competencies?

Thinking skills that use critical thinking, reasoning, evidence, knowledge, and clinical judgment.

What is an example of a cognitive nursing competency?

Interpreting lab results and connecting them to a patient's symptoms.

What are technical competencies?

Hands-on skills involving procedures and the safe use of equipment.

What is an example of a technical nursing competency?

Starting an IV, inserting a catheter, or safely using monitors.

What are interpersonal competencies?

Communication and relationship skills used to build trust, show empathy, and collaborate.

What is an example of an interpersonal nursing competency?

Teaching a patient about new medications or comforting a family member.

What are ethical/legal competencies?

Professional responsibilities involving decisions that respect patient rights, values, and professional standards.

What is an example of an ethical/legal nursing competency?

Advocating for a patient's wishes during end-of-life care.

What are the interrelated roles of the nurse?

Communicator, teacher, counselor, researcher, leader, advocate, and collaborator.

What is the nurse's role as a communicator?

Communicating effectively with patients, families, and the health care team.

What is the nurse's role as a teacher?

Providing education to support patient understanding and health.

What is the nurse's role as a counselor?

Supporting patients as they cope with health-related concerns and decisions.

What is the nurse's role as a researcher?

Using and contributing to knowledge that improves nursing care.

What is the nurse's role as a leader?

Guiding and influencing care and health care improvement.

What is the nurse's role as an advocate?

Supporting and protecting the patient's interests, rights, and wishes.

What is the nurse's role as a collaborator?

Working with patients, families, and other health care professionals.

What are the aims of teaching and counseling?

Promote health, prevent illness, restore health, facilitate coping with disability or death, and promote outcomes.

What is the purpose of promoting outcomes through teaching and counseling?

To help patients achieve the best possible health-related results.

What are examples of promoting positive patient outcomes?

Optimal wellness and self-care, disease prevention or early detection, quick recovery with minimal complications, and improved ability to adjust to life changes and illness.

What is an optimal wellness outcome?

A person's optimal level of wellness and related self-care practices.

What is an illness-prevention outcome?

Disease prevention or early detection.

What is a recovery outcome?

Quick recovery from trauma or illness with minimal or no complications.

What adjustment outcome may nursing promote?

An enhanced ability to adjust to developmental life changes and acute, chronic, and terminal illness.

What should a nurse assess before beginning patient teaching?

The patient's needs and readiness to learn.

Why is assessing needs and readiness important before teaching?

It helps the nurse individualize education for the patient.

What factors may affect a client's learning?

Age and developmental level, family or caregiver support networks, financial resources, cultural influences, language, and health literacy.

How can age and developmental level affect learning?

They influence what and how a patient is able to learn.

How can family and caregiver support affect learning?

Support systems can help reinforce and support learning.

How can financial resources affect learning?

Financial resources may affect access to supplies, medications, services, and other resources needed to apply learning.