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Columbian Exchange
Cultural and biological exchange between hemispheres.
Conquistadores
Spanish conquerors like Pizarro and Cortés.
Smallpox
Deadly disease brought by Europeans to Americas.
Indigenous populations
Native peoples of the Americas before European contact.
Population decline
Indigenous population fell over 50% due to disease.
Biodiversity changes
Alterations in species distribution due to exchange.
Silver mining
Spain's extraction of silver from the Americas.
Inflation in Spain
Economic issue caused by influx of silver.
Germ transmission
Spread of diseases from Europeans to natives.
New crops
Introduction of European crops to the Americas.
Horse introduction
Transformed Plains Indian culture and hunting practices.
Mesoamerican maize
Corn brought back to Europe from the Americas.
Cash crops
Tobacco and cacao cultivated on plantations.
Forced labor
Enslaved Africans worked on American plantations.
Sugarcane cultivation
Agricultural focus of the Portuguese in Brazil.
Transatlantic slave trade
Trade of enslaved Africans to the Americas.
African population growth
Increased due to new nutritious crops introduced.
Okra and rice
Crops brought to Americas by enslaved Africans.
Tropical climate
Ideal conditions for sugarcane in Brazil.
Cacao
Chocolate ingredient cultivated on American plantations.
European diet changes
New foods from Americas transformed European cuisine.
Competition among tribes
Increased due to horse acquisition in Americas.
Demographic changes
Shifts in population dynamics due to exchange.
Cultural interactions
Blending of indigenous, European, and African traditions.
Disease-carrying animals
Insects and rats introduced alongside European settlers.
European immunity
Resistance to diseases due to historical exposure.
Population disaster
One of history's greatest declines in human numbers.
African Diaspora
Dispersion of Africans out of Africa.
Creole
New languages created by combining European colonizers' languages with parts of West African languages.
Engenhos
Sugar plantations in Brazil, referred to as 'engines' in Portuguese.
Cash Crops
Crops grown for sale rather than subsistence.
Gullah or Geechee
A notable creole language of coastal South Carolina and Georgia.
Slavery
The condition in which individuals are owned by others and forced to work without freedom.
Deforestation
The clearing of trees to make way for agricultural land.
Soil Depletion
The loss of soil fertility due to repeated planting of the same crops.
African Presence in the Americas
The retention of some aspects of African cultures by enslaved Africans in the Americas.
Music
Cultural expressions brought by Africans that influenced various music styles in America.
Gumbo
A dish popular in the southern United States with roots in African cooking.
Quinine
A treatment for malaria derived from the rubber tree.
Tropical Diseases
Diseases that affected enslaved Africans due to poor working conditions and climate.
Racial Diversity
The variety of different racial and ethnic groups resulting from the Columbian Exchange.
Negro Spirituals
Religious songs created by enslaved Africans in America, blending African and European musical traditions.
Chattel Slavery
A form of slavery where individuals are treated as personal property.
Maize
A crop that was introduced to the Eastern Hemisphere from the Americas.
Okra
A crop that was part of the Columbian Exchange, introduced to the Americas.
Sugarcane
A major cash crop that became a significant part of plantation agriculture.
Influenza
A disease that was part of the exchanges during the Columbian Exchange.
Horses
Animals introduced to the Americas that had a significant impact on Native American cultures.
Cattle
Livestock that contributed to overgrazing and soil erosion in the Americas.
