Migration🤮😡

OCR History B

1250-1500 Jewish Migrants Causes

Were invited to England by William the Conquerer as he needed their expert skills

1250-1500 Jewish Migrants Experiences

Anti-Semitic attacks and violence increased in frequency between 1100-1200 for several reasons Stirred up by some priests who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus

When times were hard, Jews - the only religious minority - were scapegoated and blamed.

Many ordinary people who resented the special protection Jews had received and connected them with their hated rulers, were ready to turn on them.

The monarchy were borrowing from Italian bankers and needed them a lot less and no longer offered them protection and eventually turned on them

In 1189 and 1190 there were violent massacres of Jews in London and York.

In the 1255 Lincoln Blood Libel, Jews were accused of ritually torturing and murdering a local boy, King Henry III arrested 93 local Jews and 18 were hanged, which cause anti-Jew attacks throughout Europe

King Henry III imposed heavy taxes on Jews in 1250, so they had to claim back money people owed them, which made them even more unpopular, which cause further anti-Jewish riots and hundreds were murdered

In 1275 King Edward I imposed the Statute of Jewry which said that Jews were no longer allowed to collect interest and most people owing them money would not have to pay, which forced most Jews into extreme poverty, they had to trim edges off coins, melt them down and sell the silver which was highly illegal

Under the Statute Jews also had to wear yellow badges and were allowed to live in only a few towns.

King Edward I wanted to force them to convert to Christianity.

In 1290 Edward expelled all the remaining 3000 Jews from England and they were forced to walk to the south coast and cross by sea to northern Europe as refugees, and many died as a result of the journey

Some Jews remained as Christian converts (or hid their true identity) but it took nearly 400 years for a Jewish community to return to England

1250-1500 Jewish Migrants Impacts

The funds the King borrowed from the Jewish moneylenders was used to build castles, cathedrals and churches and paid soldiers' wages and therefore enabled the Normans to rule

Moneylenders helped local businesses to start up with loans

The Blood Libel originated in England and resulted in the murders of Jews all over Europe

After Jews were deported in 1290, other countries copied and expelled them

1250-1500 Migrants from North Africa and India Causes

English involvement in the 9th Crusade which passed through Africa in 1271-1272

1250-1500 Migrants from North Africa and India Experiences

Mainly positive, 10 skeletons were found buried in a favourable position in the consecrated ground of a friary in Ipswich

1250-1500 Migrants from the Low Countries Causes

England was a short sea journey away and ships regularly sailed across the channel

Wars and rebellions frequently broke out in the Low countries between 1300 and 1500

England was relatively stable and offered better wages for labourers

After the Black Death, England needed workers of all sorts

1250-1500 Migrants from the Low Countries Experiences

Most settled in the South East but some spread elsewhereWorked as brewers, printers, clock makers, opticians, tailors, shoemakers, dyers, saddlers and dyers

Flemish weavers were very desirable as English wool was excellent for making high quality woollen cloth and merchants paid a good price for it

Edward III promised to help and protect the Flemish migrants if English weavers guilds made life hard for them, let them set up their own weavers' guild and let them work wherever they wanted

In 1363 a group of Flemish weavers set up looms in Manchester, in 1351, 27 Flemish weavers arrived in Colchester and in 1450 Lavenham in Suffolk had a population of about 2,000 due to its thriving wool trade

1250-1500 Migrants from the Low Countries Impacts

Flemish glaziers made stained glass windows for churches while Dutch brewers brought the skill of using hops to brew beer

Impacted the cloth trade hugely, there was more work for sheep shearers, fullers and dyers

Helped to increase the population of England and boosted the textile trade - which was still going strong in 1882

1500-1750 Hansa Merchants Causes

In 1266, Henry III granted the Hansa merchants a charter which allowed them to control much of the trade in English Wool

1500-1750 Hansa Merchants Experiences

Lots of the Hansa merchants lived in a cluster of buildings in London, known as the Steelyard

By 1500 the Steelyard contained a warehouse, weighbridge, church, offices and housing for the merchants

As they were such dominant merchants, lots of the Hansa merchants were very wealthy

While the merchants were wealthy, and played a crucial part in English economy they were not always popular

In 1526, King Henry VIII suspected that some of the Hansa merchants were smuggling books by Martin Luther into London and three of them arrested

In 1597, Elizabeth I expelled all Hansa from London

The Hansa Merchants lived in the Steelyard and regularly interacted with the other people in London

Sometimes, English merchants and tradesmen became envious of the merchants and riots broke out, people pressed the government to remove their privileges and the Steelyard was attacked

George Girsze getting his portrait painted by Hans Holbein shows that the Hansa were very wealthy and influential

In 1517 there were several anti-foreigner attacks known as 'Evil May Day'The Steelyard was the headquarters of the Hanseatic League, it had a large German speaking community which shows there were many Germans in England, encouraged by the Hansa because they lived in the Steelyard and had very little interaction with the other people of London, it was easy for other merchants to become jealous and suspicious

1500-1750 Hansa Merchants Impacts

King's Lynn, a Hanseatic town still survives today, with the only remaining Hansa building, a warehouse

The Hanseatic League stretched from London to Novgorod in Russia, their connections would have opened English traders to the European World

1500-1750 Gypsies Causes

When the Ottoman Turks invaded the Balkans in the late 15th century, many Gypsies began to migrate to western European countries including England

1500-1750 Gypsies Experiences

Gypsies suffered extreme persecution

They moved from place to place at a time when most people still lived all their lives in the same village

Outside the control of the authorities, and they were seen as a threat

They faced a lot of prejudice and in the 16th century there were several attempts to expel them from the country

Three laws passed against them:1530 Henry VIII Egyptians act expelling them

In 1554 Queen Mary I made it a crime to be an immigrant Romanichal Gypsy, punishable by death

1562 Elizabeth I could become English subjects if they settled down, otherwise they could be hanged

In 1577 six people were hanged in Aylesbury for mixing with Gypsies.

In 1592 five Gypsies were hanged in DurhamIn 1596 nine women and men in York were executed for being Gypsies.

In the 1650s forced transportation began of Gypsies into slavery in North America and the Caribbean.

1500-1750 Gypsies Impact

Added to the problem of vagrancyThe laws against them lasted around 250 years

1500-1750 Jewish Migrants Causes

In 1655, a Rabbi from Amsterdam travelled to London to seek help from Oliver Cromwell, he hoped to persuade him to make England a safer place for Jews who were facing hostility in EuropeCromwell was open to the idea as he thought Jews would support England against Catholic countries in EuropeBelieved that Jewish merchants would help the English economy

1500-1750 Jewish Migrants Experiences

Couldn't be lawyers, serve in the army or attend university

Some like Moses Hart were very successful

However many including Hart felt they needed to lose some of their Jewish identity by shaving their beards or uncovering their heads suggesting there was some prejudice

Popular songs also portrayed Jews as cheats and criminals

Did not have full rights but they were allowed to trade and work in finance

Small communities grew up in London and some other coastal cities

Probably experienced prejudice and discrimination

1500-1750 Jewish Migrants Impacts

Jews often worked in financeMoses Hart helped fund a 'Great Synagogue' in Aldgate.

1500-1750 Huguenots Causes

In 1685 Louis XIV made Protestantism illegal making Huguenots lives intolerableMany decided to leave France but as emigration was illegal this was very difficultAfter Protestantism was made illegal, the Huguenots were forced to convert to Christianity

1500-1750 Huguenots Experiences

They were especially welcomed by King Edward VI who gave part of Canterbury Cathedral for their services

Many were skilled craftsmen who bought new techniques and trades to England

They transformed England's silk industry, produced sailcloth, tapestries, furniture, glass, leather, paper, clocks and steel

Their mills made paper for the newly created bank of England

10% of the backing for the bank came from wealthy Huguenots

In 1631, London clockmakers complained they were taking away all their work

In the late 17th century there was a riot in Spitalfields because some Londoners felt the Huguenots were depriving them of work

It wasn't until 1708 they were given the same legal rights as those born in England

1500-1750 Huguenots Impact

Many set up businesses and were skilled craftsmen who brought new techniques and trades

They transformed the English silk industry, printed paper for the new Bank Of England and made the uniforms for the East India Company

They also provided 10% of the financial backing for the new Bank

Played a crucial part in Britain's transformation into an industrial nation

They really integrated into English society: it is estimated as many as a quarter of London's population today may have a Huguenot ancestor

1500-1750 Palatines Causes

Variety of reasons, religious persecution, warfare and bad harvests in Germany

They largely came from an area in Germany called Palatines, but there were others from other regions who spoke different dialects

Majorly Protestant but belonged to a range of different churches

1500-1750 Palatines Experiences

Many Palatines ended up in refugee camps at Blackheath and Camberwell

13,000 arrived in London in the summer of 1709, some managed to find lodging in the poorer parts of the city but many wound up in refugee camps in Blackheath and Camberwell

They were described as very religious, holding prayers in the morning and evening

In the beginning they were received fairly well, people assumed they were all Protestant and a relief fund of £20,000 was raised

Attitudes changed after a census where it was discovered a third were catholics, all of whom were sent home

The rest were dispersed around the country, but attitudes had changed towards them, and people saw them as a drain on already limited resources - England had been having a bad time prior to their arrival

1500-1750 Palatines Impact

The government granted 3,000 Palatines a passage to America

After the Palatines migrated to England, they were deported to Ireland and in the autumn of 1709 the government banned further German migrants coming to Britain

1500-1750 African Migrants Causes

Came over with visiting royalty as servants

Came over on merchant vessels

They came for many reasons, some worked as musicians, some worked as tradesmen (ie black smiths, weavers )Some were born there

Belonged to returning traders and plantation owners brought back to work in their masters houses

1500-1750 African Migrants Experiences

At first accepted as members of the communities in England, they had the same wage, rewards and gifts and had families.

Buried/baptised/married in the same churches as other people, shared religion meant they had a fairly high level of acceptance

1596, their positions were threatened, a German merchant requested African slaves as compensation for helping English prisoners of war.

Orders to completely expel Africans were drafted, although the Queen did not sign this.

Africans were so much a part of England, expelling them completely would likely be impossible.

1562 England became part of the trade when a trader named John Hawkins enslaved 300 Africans, after a century of only playing a minor role in transatlantic trade, England seized control of over a quarter of a million slaves, forcing them to work on sugar, tobacco plantations.

1730- Britain had become the world's major slave trader.

1640-1750 more Africans arrived in Britain.Late seventeenth century, having black 'servants' became a new trend and wealthy people purchased them as a fashionable addition

Slavery was not lawful in Britain but people were sold in coffee shops

African children were often seen as a status symbol but once they reached a certain age they were often sent to the caribbean to work on plantations

Adverts for runaway black servants were placed in newspapers and rewards were offered for their return

1500-1750 African Migrants Impacts

Introduction of new trades, Jacques Francis was a salvage diver, diving was a completely unheard of skill in England at the time

The slave trade has massive repercussions for history across Britain and the Americas

It also affected stereotypes of people of colour and their standing in society

The abolition of the slave trade also affected society

1500-1750 Indian Migrants Causes

In 1585 Elizabeth hoped to establish trade links with India so she sent a group of merchants led by Ralph Fitch on an embassy to the Mughal court in AgraIn 1608 the East India Company sent its first ships on the long voyage to IndiaFew employees of the company stayed in India, instead they returned to Britain, these people sometimes brought Asian servants back with them in an effort to recreate the luxurious lifestyle they had enjoyed in India

1500-1750 Indian Migrants Experiences

Having an Indian Child was seen as fashionable

The first definite record of an Indian in Britain was a Bengali boy baptised Peter in 1616, it's likely he was bought to work as a servant in the court of James I

Very few written records, but paintings seem to suggest that Indians were treated as status symbols, objects of curiosity or even pets

Adverts in newspaper for Indians to be sold also suggests they were treated as property

Asian servants do not appear in many historical sources, however they are occasionally found in paintings and written documents

1500-1750 Indian Migrants Impacts

Indian migrants often seemed to have been accepted by English servants who shared the same conditions, they lived comfortably and were well looked afterSome were treated very well so they were eventually let free by their employers

1750-1900 Irish Migrants Causes

The only large industrial city in Ireland was Belfast and most industrial jobs were reserved for Protestants not Catholics

Protestant settlers were encouraged to emigrate to Ireland in the 15 and 1600s and were given land at the expense of poor Catholics

The Potato Blight caused famine in Ireland; food prices rose quickly and tenants were evicted for not paying their rent

1750-1900 Irish Migrants Experiences

English workers sometimes believed that Irish workers were stealing their jobs or driving wages down

Poverty and desperation meant many turned to crime or drink

Were the human engine of the Industrial Revolution, built railways, canals and factories

Government gave little support

The more that came, the more intolerance and prejudice increased

Irish workers on railroads and canals often caught up in violence with gangs

Manual work was dangerous, always tiring and usually poorly paid

Large scale anti-Irish riots in Cardiff (1868), Greenock (1851) and Lancashire (1852), and the police rarely helped

Lived in poor, overcrowded, unsanitary conditions

Anti-Catholic prejudice increased antagonism against many Irish migrants

Often protrayed as racially inferior

1750-1900 Irish Migrants Impacts

520,000 Irish born people lived in England and Wales in 1851

Provided the manual labour that built the railways and canals

Influence radicalised politics, leading to significant social change and promoted charitable work (Dr Barnados)25% of Liverpool, 18% of Glasgow, 13% of Manchester was Irish born in 1861

Some made livings as doctors, carpenters and clerks

Some contributed to the Arts, like Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw

55,000 Irish men had joined the British army by 1868

Influx led to the revitalisation of the Catholic church in England

1750-1900 Italians Causes

Italian unification caused many issues

Changes in agriculture led many people into poverty

Repeated outbreaks of typhus and cholera meant many Italians chose to emigrate, 1871-1881 750,000 fled

Around 5,000 in England and Wales in 1861

1750-1900 Italians Experiences

Some found work laying asphalt on roads

Many worked as organ-grinders in London and at seaside resorts

By 1881 over 1,000 Italian street musicians in Britain, many young boys under the control of Italian gang-masters who exploited them

Craftsmen produced tiles, ceramics, picture frames, mosaics and plasterwork

Most important from of employment was food, particularly ice cream

Much hostility, some as they were Catholic, others blamed ice cream glasses for outbreaks of cholera

1750-1900 Italians Impacts

Many Italian communities grew and prospered

By 1900, Italian schools, churches and even an Italian hospital in London

1750-1900 Germans Causes

In 1750 Britain had a German king, George II

Many fled to avoid the German warfare

By 1861 there were over 28,000 Germans living in Britain

Some key thinkers encouraged by greater freedom of expression

Other such as engineers and businessmen were attracted to Britain by its economy

1750-1900 Germans Experiences

Mostly Protestant which helped them to assimilate

Rarely faced the prejudice Italian migrants faced

Set up successful companies e.g shipping firm J Ellerman & Co (1850), the General Electric Company in Birmingham (1884), Reuter's News Agency (1852)

1750-1900GermansImpacts

German delicatessens and German sausagesSignificant figures such as Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles were influential in developing communism

1750-1900Jewish MigrantsCauses

After 1750, Britain's Jewish population grew as some of the restrictions were lifted1830 Jews were able to trade in London, in 1833 could serve on juries and work as lawyersFrequent massacres in Eastern Europe and Russia, particularly 1881-1884, Britain a cheaper option than America

1750-1900Jewish MigrantsExperiences

Britain became more tolerant of Jews from 1800sAble to study at Oxford (1856) and Cambridge (1871)Many arrived in 1881 who were very poor and wore traditional clothingThose escaping often found the journey very hard1881-1914 150,000 Russian and East European Jewish refugees arrived in BritainLived in crowded areas in citiesClung to Yiddish culture and lived in close-knit communities which seemed very foreign to outsidersMost common employment was in Whitechapel's clothing sweatshops

1750-1900Jewish MigrantsImpacts

1789 Nathanial Rothschild founded Rothschild's bank, helped finance Britain's war against France1858 Lionel de Rothschild became first Jewish MP3 major clothes shops started by East European Jewish migrants, M&S, Burtons and Moss Bros

1750-1900African MigrantsCauses

Most Africans came to Britain because their 'owners' forced themIn theory once they came to Britain they were allowed to be set free.This did not happen, they had to fight for freedom, in many cases the African's ran away from their masters or occasionally were given or bought freedom.One slave - James Somerset was to be sent back to Jamaica by his 'owner' however managed to be set free after winning a case.Slavery became illegal in 1807 although it was not until 1833 were slaves truly free- legal status was still uncertain.

1750-1900African MigrantsExperiences

Most African migrants had to fight for their freedomMany African migrants ran away from their owners, some brought their freedom or were 'given' it, others fought for freedom through Britain's courtsBy the early 18th century, Africans in Britain worked in a range of occupationsFor many free Africans it was difficult to make a livingSome had little choice but to beg on the streetsFrom 1775-1783 many enslaved Africans fought on Britain's side in the American War of Independence, in return, these 'Black Loyalists' were offered freedom from slaveryMany of those who came to Britain from America received no government help and as work was unavailable, joined the vagrants and beggars on the streets of LondonA group of wealthy people set up the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor to give out food and clothing to the African ex-soldiersHowever, the Committee soon came up with the alternative idea of resettling the 'Black poor' in AfricaBy 1787 Black people begging in the streets were forcibly rounded upSome came with their owners from North America and the West Indies and were brought to work as servants in households.Mary Prince is an example of a servant who faced hardship and abuse in the West Indies, with the help of other servants she managed to escape and went on to dictate her life story; it was published as the first book in England written by a black woman.

1750-1900African MigrantsImpacts

Of all the migrant groups who came between 1750 and 1900, the Africans faced the greatest challenge.By 1800 they were estimated around 15,000 Black people living in London.They also later developed in ports such as Liverpool and Cardiff.There wasn't much evidence of Africans' lives (many had Europeanised names) however there are some paintings that suggest they worked alongside White people.They helped in the Industrial Revolution with manual labour.During the Napoleanic wars many black men joined the army and navy.Africans in Britain played a key role in the abolishment of slavery, and after slavery became illegal-1807- many Black people became political activists to help make Britain a better country for it's citizens.In the nineteenth century, some Black people made remarkable contributions to the arts and entertainment as well.Racist ideas that grew out of enslavement spread throughout society and were very much deep rooted within all classes, this meant the Africans achievements were even more impressive as they managed to overcome the prejudice they faced and achieved great things.

1750-1900Asian MigrantsCauses

Growth of Empire and British control of IndiaEast India Company control of tradeAs the British rule in India was strengthened and trade increased, thousands of servants, sailors and wealthy Indian people made the journey to BritainIndian servants continued to be cheaper than British ones so many were employed by wealthy British people

1750-1900Asian MigrantsExperiences

Many servants struggled to find a return passage to India, and finding a job with another family was difficultMany servants were stranded, with little money, no job and few contactsLots of these servants lived in cheap and overcrowded lodging houses in LondonServants and sailors and influential and wealthy individuals migrated to BritainLascar sailors on GB ships also came from Somalia, Yemen, Malaya and ChinaIndian Ayahs were still seen as fashionable (and cheaper) servants but were sometimes only employed for sea crossingSometimes forced to begging or employment in workhousesSome Asian settlers found work as canal builders on Manchester Ship CanalTowards the end of the 1800s, charities began to set up homes for Ayahs stranded in Britain

1750-1900Asian MigrantsImpacts

Key population group in some industrial cities (like Old Trafford, Manchester)A few key individuals make mark on politics (Naoroji), the monarchy (Mohammed Karim) and education (Cornelia Sorabji)

1750-1900Chinese MigrantsCauses

There was a trade between the British and the ChineseSilk, porcelain and tea were very popular/fashionable in EnglandTrade was mainly with the East India Company (morally questionable - the British victory in the 1840s in the opium wars increased the amount of trade)The Chinese came to Britain on the British shipsPopular for accepting low wages, working hard and not getting drunkNumber of Chinese sailors increased after 1868 when the Blue Funnel Line established the first steamship route between China and Britain

1750-1900Chinese MigrantsExperiences

Chinese communities in port cities would provide refuge and support for Chinese sailorsThere were shops, restaurants and lodgingsThe areas were often popular with other migrant groups as well (ie Jews, Russians and Scandinavians)The Chinese communities in Liverpool were firmly rooted by the end of the 19th centuryAlso settled in LondonBy the 1880s the first Chinese community had emerged at LimehouseAlready a migrant neighbourhood and close to the docksMigrants from China mainly dealt with the difficulty of finding employment by starting small businessesThey often lived in the rooms above these businessesThey often ran laundries, which were cheap and effective, very popular with rich people before the invention of the electric washing machineBy 1900 Chinese laundries and restaurants were opening up in cities all across BritainTo many white british the Chinese areas of London/Liverpool seemed strange and exotic and they called them 'Chinatowns'Chinese integration into society could happen when Chinese men married white british womenAlso sometimes worked together to run businessesChinese men were seen as hard-working, sober and people who looked after their families

1750-1900Chinese MigrantsImpacts

Large Chinese migrant populations in key cities like Liverpool and Limehouse (London)Street names - Nanking St, Canton St - show impact'Chinatown' notion becomes 'exotic' brand for interested English peopleChinese migrants marry, become increasingly accepted part of industrial cities

1900-presentWW1 refugees (Belgian migrants)Cause

Belgium was invaded by Germans

1900-presentWW1 refugees (Belgian migrants)Experiences

The 1905 Aliens Act was retracted at the start of the war to allow over 250,000 Belgians entry to BritainCharities found homes for them across the countryOverall welcomed warmly at the start of the warSome Britons resented their presence as the war continuedAt the end of the war in 1918 it was made clear that all Belgians were expected to return homeJobs were ended and free one-way tickets were suppliedAlmost all went home

1900-presentWW1 refugees (Belgian migrants)Impacts

With many men away at war, there were many jobs that needed filling in Britain and the extra workers were welcomed

1900-presentWW1 refugees (Sailors/Lascars)Causes

So many British merchant seamen had been drafted into the Royal Navy during the war that the government hired many thousands of Lascar sailors from across the empire

1900-presentWW1 refugees (Sailors/Lascars)Experiences

By 1918 many had homes in port cities such as London, Liverpool, South Shields, Glasgow, Hull and CardiffIn 1919 british born workers in those ports turned on the migrants, worried they would be hired over them as their wages were lowerThere was lots of fighting, some of the worst was in Tiger Bay, Cardiff, a working class, mixed race communityThe chief constable of Cardiff said white people were to blame for the riots but that unemployed lascars should be sent back to their home countries

1900-presentWW2 migrants (Jewish refugees)Causes

Nazi persecution in Germany

1900-presentWW2 migrants (Jewish refugees)Experiences

Despite opposition (anti-alien mood from 1919 was still strong) the government allowed Jews entry to the country if they could prove they would not be a financial burden on the stateSome people in Britain were openly hostileEmeric Pressburger, a Jewish refugee who became a famous filmmaker said that England was a 'very, very difficult country for foreigners to come to'.Days after Kristallnacht Jewish and Christian leaders persuaded the government to allow immediate entry to Britain for Jews under the age of 17 provided each would have someone to provide full financial responsibility for themSome Britons paid the full amount for a child, others took one in and they were paid by charitiesThese rescue efforts became known as KindertransportThere was help from Jewish leaders in GermanyThe children were only given temporary visas as they were expected to return home after the war but by the end of the war many of their parents were deadMany stayed in Britain but some left for America or IsraelOne child, Ruth Jacobs wrote 'I have the greatest admiration for England and the English people. They were the only country that took us in'.

1900-presentWW2 migrants (Jewish refugees)Impacts

Around 60,000 were accepted in totalStatistics were produced by the government to show that Jews were creating new jobs for British workers

1900-presentWW2 migrants (Polish refugees)Causes

In September 1939, Poland was occupied by Germany and the Soviet UnionThousands of Poles fled to Britain which was their closest ally at the timeThere was soon a community of 160,000 Poles in Britain

1900-presentWW2 migrants (Polish refugees)Experiences

Many Polish migrants served in the armed forces, with 14,000 joining the RAFPolish pilots shot down one in seven of the German planes destroyed in the Battle of BritainPolish experts also helped to break the German Enigma secret codesWhen the war ended in 1945, Poland fell under the control of the Soviet Union

1900-presentWW2 migrants (Polish refugees)Impacts

As Polish experts helped to break the German Enigma, the war was shortened significantly

1900-presentCommonwealth Migrants 1948-61Causes

Pakistan and India gain independence1948 nationality act (all citizens of the Commonwealth had the right to hold passports and enter Britain)Britain needed workers after WW2 and was asking citizens of the empire to assist the 'mother country'

1900-presentCommonwealth Migrants 1948-61Experiences

1948 the Windrush came from JamaicaMany found work in health service and transport systemsGiven temporary accommodation until they found workMuch larger numbers of white immigrants were entering the country but negative attitudes were focused on black migrantsMany places refused to serve black peopleCaribbean migrants ended up living in the poorest parts of citiesIn the late 1950s Britain's economy is in trouble and there is lots of competition for jobsOrganised fascist groups attacked black people1958 Notting Hill, 5 black men were beat with metal barsMay 1959 Kelso Cochrane was stabbed to death there tooOver 1000 people lined the streets for his funeral and a collection was sent home to his mother in Antigua

1900-presentCommonwealth Migrants 1948-61Impacts

By 1960 100,000 West Indian migrants had reached BritainMigrants helped to rebuild britain after the world warsMassive influence on music and food in britainNotting Hill carnival

1900-presentCommonwealth Migrants 1961-72Causes

Usually young men seeking workA lot of migrants came from India, Pakistan and Africa looking for jobsFar larger numbers from Australia, New Zealand and Canada

1900-presentCommonwealth Migrants 1961-72Experiences

As the numbers of migrants in the poorest areas of inner cities, many white-working class residents and those living nearby felt threatenedMigrants could find work in rubber factories, textile mills or sweatshopsIn the 1960s there was an upturn in the economy which meant that workers were needed againSupport for migrants was given by charities but family and community support was used moreCommunity organisations such as the Pakistan Welfare Association and the Indian Workers Association gave financial support and employment adviceImmigrant communities turned to each other for support and family was important; many corner shops were staffed by relativesMany temples, mosques and churches were set up or revitalised by worshippers from migrant communities and gave spiritual strength

1900-presentCommonwealth Migrants 1962-72Impacts

1967 National Front (a racist party that called for immigrants to be deported) was founded

1968 Enoch Powell 'Rivers of Blood' speech

Some politicians started to feel that restrictions needed to be imposed on migrants

1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act - ended the automatic right of Commonwealth passport holders to live and work in Britain, they had to apply for a limited number of employment vouchers

1968 Commonwealth Immigrants Act - prohibited entry for anyone without a father or grandfather born in the UK

1971 Immigration Act - replaced vouchers with work permits for specific time periods

Protection against prejudice was also introduced

1965 Race Relations Act - makes it an offence to refuse to serve someone on race grounds

1968 Race Relation Acts - dealt with loopholes in the 1965 act and made it illegal to refuse housing or employment to someone on the grounds of colour, race, ethnic or national origins

1900-presentEU migrantsCauses

Britain's role- mother country- encouraged people from other Commonwealth nations to move there in search of work

By joining the European Economic Community (EEC)- 1973, Britain opened the doors to economic migrants from Europe.

The rule of EEC allowed migrants to move freely between states.1

973- just 9 members, by 2007 28 nations had joined the EEC- newly named the European Union (EU).

Europeans now had the same rights as Britons- being allowed to move freely- just as Britons could look for jobs/ buy property in other countries

The theory was- free movement allowed business growth- tax paid more by workers- overall wealth increase of the country

1900-presentEU migrantsExperiences

The EU growth had some Britons anxious about membership- 1991- United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP)- formed to get Britain, 'Out of Europe'This failed however as the EU was growing, not shrinking.

Some European countries limited the amount of numbers coming into the country, but Britain did not, 2004- government wanted workers- economy was doing well.End of 2005- nearly 300,000 workers came, mostly Polish.

The Europeans spread all over the country- impressed the British with all different kinds of skills, some resented those who took the low wage jobs, others not sure how to respond to the sudden influx of foreign people.Most arrivals- temporary, returned home after 5 years with the money they made, others put down roots- mainly those with secure jobs.

This unexpected population growth- strained Britain= more support for UKIP (especially after WW trade crisis= unemployment and low wages).

2015- UKIP secured nearly 4 million votes in the election even with only one MP.2010- 2014 migrant numbers grew- the government had no control because of 'free movement'.

1900-presentEU migrantsImpacts

In June 2016, the government called for a referendum as people believed the EU was causing more harm than good- this would decide whether Britain should leave the EU altogether.

The migrants that came in proved to be extremely beneficial to the country's economy, and brought in many different cultures and their foods, music, clothes etc.

The more migrants that came in- the more British people became doubtful towards them and they're need for health and education services.

1900-presentRefugees from the wider worldCauses

In 1951, the British Government signed the United Nations Convention on Refugees, which meant they promised to offer asylum to anyone who needed it

Refugees have come fleeing the dangers of execution or imprisonment as a result of their race, religion, nationality or political opinions

Conflicts, in Europe, Africa and the Middle East

1900-present

Refugees from the wider world Experiences

Between 1996 and 2007 laws were passed to make Britain seem less attractive to asylum seekers

These laws stated that asylum seekers: could not be employed until they were officially told they could stay, had no say where they lived, had very limited right of appeal if the government decided they shouldn't be granted asylum, and had very little help from the government

While waiting for the decision, many had to go to detention centres with harsh conditions

Many migrants stated in a 2010 survey that the British people were 'friendly', 'kind' and 'hard-working'And they valued the country's safety, human rights and freedom of speech

1900-present

Refugees from the wider world Impacts

The 2000 and 2001 riots between white and Asian young people in Oldham, Burnley and Bradford indicated how segregated parts of Britain were

Nevertheless, a 2014 report by the Economical and Social Research Council concluded that most people are positive about British society and their own cultural identity.

1900-present and 1973-present

Changes

In the 1970s, there was a steep rise in violent racist attacks on Asian and African Caribbean by racist groups such as the British National League and the National Front

There have been attacks during times of economic difficulty and unemployment, but factors such as tensions around the policing of Black people, gang rivalry and direct racial attacks all played a part at times

The Anti Nazi League and Unite Against Fascism have been formed to find against racist groups

The Grunwick Strike (1976-78) developed mutual respect between Asian and White Workers Rock Against Racism was started in 1976 to oppose racism by bringing people together through music

The Commission for Racial Equality was a body set up by the government in 1976

There have also been positive signs of integration such as, BAME students are more likely to go on to higher education than white students, the number of mixed raced children is quickly rising, BAME citizens were happy to call themselves 'British', 90% of people said their area was a place where people from different backgrounds got on w