alcohols

What are the two types of OH groups

Two OH groups - diol

Three- triol

What conditions is ethanol made in

Aneorobic

35 degrees

How is alcohol produced from alkenes?

Alkenes + H₂O (with phosphoric acid catalyst and steam). OH is added from water to form alcohols. The other H+ left as hydroxide ion

What is the acid-catalyzed mechanism for ethene hydration?

H⁺ (from H₃PO₄)attacks ethene’s double bond.

2. Carbocation forms.

3. H₂O binds.

4. ethanol and H+ left

fermentation equation for ethanol

C₆H₁₂O₆(aq) → 2C₂H₅OH(aq) + 2CO₂(g)

Why is fermentation done anaerobically

To prevent oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid. O₂ would also inhibit yeast enzymes.

What are the ethical issues of biofuel ethanol

Farmland used for fuel instead of food

Decrease bio diversity

Non renewable

Is biofuel ethanol carbon-neutral

yes but doesnt account CO₂ from production/transport

OH attached to 2 other carbons is

secondary

What is dehydration of alcohols? Give conditions.

Removal of –OH + H to form alkene + H₂O.

Conditions: Reflux with H₂SO₄/H₃PO₄ catalyst.

What products form from the oxidation of primary alcohols?

• Partial oxidation: Aldehyde

• Full oxidation: Carboxylic acid
  Oxidizing agent: Acidified K2Cr2O7 (orange → green).

What are the oxidation products of primary alcohols?

Ol → al→oic Acid

Why is phosphoric acid used in alkene hydration

It’s a strong acid catalyst that provides H⁺ to start the reaction.

What is the stability order for carbocations

Tertiary > secondary > primary

What is the role of yeast in fermentation

Yeast enzymes break down glucose into ethanol + CO₂ for energy (anaerobic respiration)

How can you test for an alcohol’s class (primary/secondary/tertiary)

Oxidation test: Primary/secondary react with K₂Cr₂O₇ (orange→green)

tertiary does not