Physics MCAT Anki Milesdown

Dynamics

Chapter 1

A/an ... is any push or pull that has the potential to result in an acceleration

force

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/newtons-laws-of-motion/v/newton-s-1st-law-of-motion

Free body diagrams are representations of the ... acting on an object

forces

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-forces-newtons-laws/introduction-to-forces-and-free-body-diagrams-ap/v/types-of-forces-and-free-body-diagrams

Newton's first law of motion

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by a net force > 0

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/newtons-laws-of-motion/v/newton-s-1st-law-of-motion

Newton's second law of motion

Any acceleration is the result a net force > 0

F= ma

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-forces-newtons-laws/newtons-second-law-ap/v/newton-s-second-law-of-motion

Newton's third law of motion

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

Fa on b = -Fb on a

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/newtons-laws-of-motion/v/newton-s-third-law-of-motion

Units for joule

J = kg/m^2 / s^2 = N m

Joules are units of energy

A joule is the amount of work you do when you exert a force of 1 newton to move an object a distance of 1 meter (1 newton meter or Nm)

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/introduction-to-work-and-energy

Joule is a unit of ....

work

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/introduction-to-work-and-energy

... is the vector representation of the change in velocity over time

Acceleration

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/acceleration-tutorial/v/acceleration

... is a force that opposes motion as a function of electrostatic interactions at the surfaces between two objects

Friction

f = uN

Static friction = stationary object

Kinetic friction = sliding object

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/inclined-planes-friction/a/what-is-friction

... is the attractive force between two objects as a result of their masses

Gravity

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/centripetal-force-and-gravitation/gravity-newtonian/v/introduction-to-newton-s-law-of-gravitation

... is a measure of the inertia of an object; its amount of material

Mass

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/centripetal-force-and-gravitation/gravity-newtonian/v/mass-and-weight-clarification

[... equilibrium] occurs in the absence of any net torques acting on an object

Rotational equilibrium

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cl1xVd71Sao

... is a twisting force that causes rotation

Torque

torque= rFsin(angle)

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/torque-angular-momentum/torque-tutorial/v/introduction-to-torque

[... equilibrium] occurs in the absence of any net forces acting on an object

Translational equilibrium

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MFQxEdUCqk

... is the force experienced by a given mass due to the gravitational attraction to the Earth

Weight

Fg = mg

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/centripetal-force-and-gravitation/gravity-newtonian/v/mass-and-weight-clarification

Kinematics

study of motion

Chapter 1

Give the equation for centripetal acceleration

ac= v^2/r

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/centripetal-force-and-gravitation/centripetal-acceleration-tutoria/a/what-is-centripetal-acceleration

______ is the rate of change in velocity of an object that is associated with the change in direction of the velocity

Centripetal Acceleration

-Centripetal acceleration is always perpendicular to velocity

-Centripetal acceleration always points toward the center of the curve

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/centripetal-force-and-gravitation/centripetal-acceleration-tutoria/a/what-is-centripetal-acceleration

Give the equation for centripetal force

Fc = mv^2/r

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/centripetal-force-and-gravitation/centripetal-acceleration-tutoria/v/centripetal-force-and-acceleration-intuition

Give the equation for displacement as a function of time, initial velocity, and acceleration

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/kinematic-formulas/v/deriving-displacement-as-a-function-of-time-acceleration-and-initial-velocity

Give the equation for final velocity as a function of displacement, initial velocity, and acceleration

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Po7li9JbEsQ&feature=youtu.be

Give the equation for final velocity as a function of time, initial velocity, and acceleration

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0UYC8S4kUI

Give the equation for the force of gravity on an object that sits on an inclined plane

Fincline = m g sin (angle)

"sin is sliding down the slide"

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-forces-newtons-laws/inclined-planes-ap/v/inclined-plane-force-components

Give the equation for the force of friction on an object that sits on an inclined plane

Ffric = u m g cos(angle)

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-forces-newtons-laws/inclined-planes-ap/v/inclined-plane-force-components

Give the equation for the normal force on an object that sits on an incline plane

Fn = m g cos (angle)

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-forces-newtons-laws/inclined-planes-ap/v/inclined-plane-force-components

Give the equation for initial velocity in the X direction in a projectile motion problem

Vx = V0 cos (angle)

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-two-dimensional-motion/projectiles-launched-at-an-angle-ap/v/projectile-at-an-angle

Give the equation for initial velocity in the Y direction in a projectile motion problem

Vy = V0 sin (angle)

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-two-dimensional-motion/projectiles-launched-at-an-angle-ap/v/projectile-at-an-angle

Displacement is path [dependent or independent]

path independent

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-one-dimensional-motion/distance-displacement-and-coordinate-systems/v/distance-and-displacement

Distance is path [dependent or independent]

dependent

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-one-dimensional-motion/distance-displacement-and-coordinate-systems/v/distance-and-displacement

For vector addition, use the ... method or you can break the vector into its component parts and use the ...

tip-to-tail method or the Pythagorean Theorm

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/precalculus/vectors-precalc/adding-vectors-in-magnitude-and-direction-form/v/mag-dir-vec-sums

Tip to tail method

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/precalculus/vectors-precalc/adding-vectors-in-magnitude-and-direction-form/v/mag-dir-vec-sums

Pythagorean theorem method

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/precalculus/vectors-precalc/adding-vectors-in-magnitude-and-direction-form/v/mag-dir-vec-sums

For vector subtraction, you must change the ... of the subtracted vector and then do a tip-to-tail addition

direction

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/precalculus/vectors-precalc/vector-addition-subtraction/v/adding-and-subtracting-vectors

Speed is a [vector or scalar] and includes only the ...

vector and includes only the magnitude of the rate of change

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/displacement-velocity-time/v/calculating-average-velocity-or-speed

Velocity is a [vector or scalar] and includes both ... and ...

vector and includes both magnitude and direction

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/displacement-velocity-time/v/calculating-average-velocity-or-speed

... are quantities that have only a magnitude

Scalars

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-one-dimensional-motion/ap-physics-foundations/v/introduction-to-vectors-and-scalars

... are physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction

Vectors

examples: displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-one-dimensional-motion/ap-physics-foundations/v/introduction-to-vectors-and-scalars

Energy

Chapter 2

Conservative forces are path [dependent or independent]

independent

-Work is determined only by the final displacement of the object

example: gravity and electrostatic forces

In the above example, you would only calculate the work along the green line, it doesn't matter that the object took a roundabout way to get there.

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/conservative-forces

Non-conservative forces are path [dependent or independent]

dependent

-They cause dissipation of mechanical energy from a system

Examples: friction and air resistance

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/conservative-forces

The equation related to Hooke's law is:

F= -kx

Force applied to the spring = -(spring constant) x (displacement of the spring)

Note: the negative sign means that the force exerted by the spring opposes the spring's displacement

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-work-and-energy/spring-potential-energy-and-hookes-law-ap/v/intro-to-springs-and-hooke-s-law

Hooke's law

gives the relationship between the force applied to an unstretched spring and the amount the spring is stretched

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-work-and-energy/spring-potential-energy-and-hookes-law-ap/v/intro-to-springs-and-hooke-s-law

[... energy] is the energy stored in the bonds of compounds

Chemical potential energy

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/the-laws-of-thermodynamics/a/types-of-energy

[... energy] is created when stretching or compressing an elastic object

Elastic potential energy

Elastic potential energy= (1/2) x (spring constant ) x (degree of stretch or compression of a spring squared)

U= 1/2 kx^2

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/hookes-law/a/what-is-elastic-potential-energy

[... energy] is the energy between 2 charged particles

Electrical potential energy

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-potential-voltage/v/electric-potential-energy

[... energy] is the potential an object has to do work as a result of being located at a particular position in a gravitational field

Gravitational potential energy

U= mgh

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/a/what-is-gravitational-potential-energy

[... energy] is the energy of motion, observable as the movement of an object

Kinetic energy

KE= 1/2mv^2

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/work-and-energy-part-2

[... energy] is a type of energy an object has because of its position

Potential energy

-the energy stored within a system

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/work-and-energy-part-2

Work

Chapter 2

high yield: whole chapter

Input Power/Output power = ?

Efficiency

-The ratio of the machine's work output to work input when non-conservative forces are taken into account

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-axezzsYR4

Give the equation for the mechanical advantage of an inclined plane [...]

MA = length of incline/height of incline

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/mechanical-advantage/v/introduction-to-mechanical-advantage

Work in regards to expansion or compression of a gas is calculated using the following formula: ...

W= -P delta V

Work = - (pressure) x (change in volume)

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/internal-energy-sal/a/pressure-volume-work

... is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred

Power

SI unit is watt (W)

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-work-and-energy/power-ap/v/power

... is the process by which energy is transferred from one system to another

Work

W= F (force) x d (distance) x cos(angle between the force and the displacement)

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/introduction-to-work-and-energy

Thermodynamics

Chapter 3

high yield: 1st law of thermodynamics

A/an [... function] describes the pathway from one equilibrium state to another

Process function

Work and heat

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EbVNi3qo0E0

A/an [... function] is a property that has a unique value that depends only on the present state of a system and not how the state was reached, nor on the history of the system

state function

pressure

density

temperature

volume

enthalpy

internal energy

Gibbs free energy

entropy

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/thermodynamics/laws-of-thermodynamics/v/proof-s-or-entropy-is-a-valid-state-variable

Isobaric processes have constant [...]

pressure

https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/thermodynamics-mcat/v/pv-diagrams-part-1-work-and-isobaric-processes

Isothermal processes have constant [...]

temperature

https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/thermodynamics-mcat/v/pv-diagrams-part-2-isothermal-isometric-adiabatic-processes

Isovolumetric processes have constant [...]

volume

https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/thermodynamics-mcat/v/pv-diagrams-part-2-isothermal-isometric-adiabatic-processes

No [...] is exchanged in an adiabatic process

heat

https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/thermodynamics-mcat/v/pv-diagrams-part-2-isothermal-isometric-adiabatic-processes

Specific heat is the amount of energy necessary to [...]

raise the temperature of one gram of substance by 1° C or 1 K

Remember, temperature is average kinetic energy

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/water-acids-and-bases/water-as-a-solid-liquid-and-gas/v/specific-heat-of-water

[...] will exchange energy but not matter with their surroundings

Closed systems

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/the-laws-of-thermodynamics/a/the-laws-of-thermodynamics

[...] is a measure of how much energy has spread out or how spread out energy has become

Entropy

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/the-laws-of-thermodynamics/v/introduction-to-entropy

[...] is the amount of energy required for a phase change of a substance

Heat of transformation is the amount of energy required for a phase change of a substance

-Temperature does not change during the transformation

Q= mHL

Q: heat transferred during the phase change

m= mass

HL: latent heat or heat of transformation

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/thermodynamics/specific-heat-and-heat-transfer/v/specific-heat-and-latent-leat-of-fusion-and-vaporization-2

[...] is energy transfer between 2 objects at different temperatures

Heat

-It occurs until the 2 objects come into thermal equilibrium (reach the same temperature)

https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/principles-of-bioenergetics/v/heat-transfer-1

[... systems] do not exchange matter or energy with surroundings

Isolated systems

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/the-laws-of-thermodynamics/a/the-laws-of-thermodynamics

[... systems] will exchange both energy and matter with their surroundings

Open systems

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/the-laws-of-thermodynamics/a/the-laws-of-thermodynamics

[...] is the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up a substance

Temperature

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/internal-energy-sal/a/heat

[... equilibrium] is when systems have the same average kinetic energy and thus the same temperature

Thermal equilibrium

-No heat transfer

https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/thermodynamics-mcat/v/zeroth-law-of-thermodynamics

Fluids

Chapter 4

high yield: fluid dynamics

Give the equation for buoyant force: ...

Fb= pVg= mg

If FB > mobject, then the object floats

If FB < mobject, then the object sinks

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/buoyant-force-and-archimedes-principle/v/fluids-part-5

Give the equation for pressure in a fluid: ...

P = Path + pgh

Absolute Pressure = (pressure at the surface of the fluid) + (pressure due to the fluid's weight)

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/a/pressure-article

The Venturi tube demonstrates that as cross-sectional area decreases from point 1 to point 2, the linear speed must [increase or decrease]

increase

-The average height of the horizontal tube remains constant, so pgh remains constant at points 1 and 2

-As the dynamic pressure increases, the absolute pressure must decrease at point 2, causing the column of fluid sticking up from the Venturi tube be to be lower at point 2

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lyk_HloXz-E

Give the equation for volumetric flow rates: Q= ?

Q= Av

The volume of fluid which passes per unit time

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/fluids-part-7

According to the Venturi effect, the velocity of a fluid passing through a constricted area will [increase or decrease] and its static pressure will [increase or decrease]

According to the venturi effect, the velocity of a fluid passing through a constricted area will increase and its static pressure will decrease

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/venturi-effect-and-pitot-tubes

Archimedes' principle states that when an object is placed in a fluid, the fluid generates a buoyant force against the object that is equal to the [...]

weight of the fluid displaced by the object

If FB > mobject, then the object floats

If FB < mobject, then the object sinks

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/buoyant-force-and-archimedes-principle/v/fluids-part-5

Capillary action occurs when the [... forces] to the wall are stronger than the [... forces] between the liquid molecules

adhesive forces, cohesive forces

-The wall of the container just above the water surface attracts water molecules upwards through the force of adhesion

In capillary action, adhesion > cohesion

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/water-acids-and-bases/cohesion-and-adhesion/v/capillary-action-and-why-we-see-a-meniscus

Cohesion refers to the clinging of [like or unlike] molecules

Adhesion refers to the clinging [like or unlike] molecules

Cohesion= like

Adhesion= unlike

Capillary action occurs when the adhesive forces to the wall are stronger than the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/water-acids-and-bases/cohesion-and-adhesion/a/cohesion-and-adhesion-in-water

Fluids can exert [...] forces but not shear forces

perpendicular

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/v/fluids-part-1

Gauge pressure is [... pressure] - [... pressure]

absolute pressure - atmospheric pressure

Its the reading that a pressure gauge would show when used to test the pressure of something

It is zero referenced against atmospheric pressure so if the gauge reads "0 atm" that means there is no pressure other than the existing atmospheric pressure

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/a/pressure-article

Give Bernoulli's equation

The sum of all forms of energy in a fluid flowing along an enclosed path is the same at any 2 points in the path

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/fluids-part-8

Give the equation for density

p = m/v

density = mass/volume

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SimFy9wOMXY

Give the equation for pressure

P = F/A

pressure = force/area

Pressure is exerted by a fluid on the walls of its container and on objects placed in the fluid

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/a/pressure-article

How will the size of a pipe or passage affect fluid flow rate?

Narrow passages: [fast or slow]

Wider ones: [fast or slow]

Narrow: fast

Wider: slow

Continuity Equation:

Q= v1A1 = v2A2

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/fluids-part-7

Hydraulic machines operate based on the application of Pascal's principle to generate [...]

mechanical advantage

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/v/fluids-part-1

In our circulatory system, or any closed fluid system, as total cross-sectional area increases, velocity [increases or decreases]

decreases

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJ3-Zm1wbIQ

In water, every additional 10 meters of depth adds approximately [...] to Ptotal

1 atm

Laminar flow occurs at [high or low] Reynolds numbers

low

ρ = density of fluid

V = velocity

L = diameter of pipe

μ = dynamic viscosity of the fluid

Reynolds number is dimensionless

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/turbulence-at-high-velocities-and-reynolds-number

Pascal's principle states that pressure applied to a fluid will be distributed [...] throughout the entire volume of the fluid

undiminished

-A pressure change at any point in a fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid such that the same change occurs everywhere

P = F1/A1 = F2/A2

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/v/fluids-part-1

Poiseuille's law determines the [...] of laminar flow

rate

-The relationship between radius and pressure gradient is inverse exponential to the fourth power

Q = flow rate

P = pressure

r = radius

η = fluid viscosity

L = length of tubing

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/viscosity-and-poiseuille-flow

Pressure is [equal or varying] in every direction in a fluid at a given depth

equal

-If it were not equal, the fluid would flow

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/a/pressure-article

Specific gravity is the ratio of ... to ...

an object's density to water's density

Specific gravity = Pobject/Pwater

Surface tension is created by [... forces]

cohesive forces

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/water-acids-and-bases/cohesion-and-adhesion/v/surface-tension

The Reynolds number is used to check whether the flow is ... or ...

laminar or turbulent

Laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds number

ρ = density of fluid

V = velocity

L = diameter of pipe

μ = dynamic viscosity of the fluid

Reynolds number is dimensionless

Volumetric flow rate is the volume of fluid which passes per ...

unit time

Flow rate = volume/time

or flow rate= {velocity) x (cross sectional area)

Q= vol/time = Av

A = cross sectional area

v = velocity

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/a/what-is-volume-flow-rate

[...] is the sum of all pressures at a certain point within a fluid

Absolute pressure

Absolute pressure = (pressure at the surface of the fluid) + (pressure due to the fluid's weight)

P total= P0 + pgh

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/a/pressure-article

[...] are substances that flow and conform to the shape of their containers

Fluids

-This includes liquids and gases

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/v/fluids-part-1

[... flow] is smooth and orderly

Laminar flow

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/fluids-part-7