History

Paleolithic Era: OLD Stone Age

What was the era that came before the Neolithic area, which was known for nomads and hunting for calories?

Neolithic Revolution: NEW Stone Age

What revolution led to the build of farming communities and domestication of plants and animals?

What are the 7 characteristics of civilization?

1. Record keeping

2. Formalized religion

3. Organized government

4. Developed cities

5. Specialization of labor

6. Arts and culture

7. Social Classes

River for Egypt

Nile River

River for (India) Indus Valley Civilization

Indus River

Rivers for Mesopotamia

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

River for China

Yellow/ Huang He River

What is Cultural Diffusion?

one group transfers something with another group from a different area.

ex. The Silk Road allowed for trading and contact

What is the River Valley Civilization?

Mesopotamia

Cuneiform

First writing

King Hammurabi united __

Mesopotamia

Why were rivers important in civilizations?

It provided an source for an irrigation system.

What does GRAPES stand for?

Geography

Religion

Achievements

Politics

Economy

Social Class

Contributions in trade, navigation, and the development of the alphabet.

Phoenicians

Who were the Hittites?

Chariot warriors

Who were the Assyrians?

Ruthless conquerors

Where did the Hebrews settle?

Around the Fertile Crescent

What kind of government did Egypt have?

Theocracy- pharaohs ruled and had absolute power

Bureaucracy- highly structured organization managed by officials

What did Ancient Persia control?

Almost all of the Middle East

What helped Ancient India thrive?

Monsoons

What is Hinduism?

Belief in reincarnation and the end goal of moksha (liberation)

Which dynasty introduced the Mandate of Heaven?

Zhou Dynasty

Which ancient civilization has the Himalayan Mountains?

Ancient China

Shang Dynasty

Group of wealthy nobles and appointed governors

Ancient China paid respects to their ancestors how?

Ancestor worship

What are oracle bones?

used by ancient Chinese to predict the future

Goal of Buddhism

Enlightenment

What was the first democracy in Greece?

Athens

What was Athens known for?

Philosophy, education, literature, arts, etc

Athens was ruled by ___ before democracy

tyrants

Draco the Cruel

Harsh laws → protection for people → lower class hated because of financial hardships

Solon the Poet

Political reforms and economic relief

Citizenship

Fair Laws

Pisistratus the Manipulator

used tricks to get power

empowered the poor

Cloisthenes the Reorganizer

system for organization based on location

What’s a republic?

form of government in which a state is ruled by representatives of the citizen body

The spread of Greek culture and influence after Alexander the Great's conquests.

Hellenization

Who was Caesar Augustus previously known as?

Octavian

Who was tutored by Aristotle?

Alexander the Great

Phillip II was assassinated, and his son took the throne. Who was his son?

Alexander the Great

What did the Gallic Wars do?

campaigns by Julius Caesar into Gaul

more land/wealth for Rome

formation of First Triumvirate

What did the First Triumvirate do?

Had Pompey and Crassus who:

Killed Caesar

What did the civil war do?

Made people think Caesar was a traitor

What did the second Triumvirate do?

alliance against the murderers of Caesar

Octavian took over

Final war of the Republic

Western side wins and Octavian becomes emperor.

Pax Romana

Era of peace

What were Rome’s achievements?

Aqueducts and arches

What’s the Byzantine Empire?

the eastern half of the Roman Empire

How did the Barbarian invasions impact Rome?

Climate pushed nomads out of the north

Germans → Rome

Christianity is rooted in __

Judaism

Cause of the Fall of Rome

Invasion of Germanic Tribes

Visigoths and Ostrogoths