Unit 1 lithosphere

Moho

• boundary between lithosphere and the mesosphere; stands for Mohorovicic Discontinuity 

Asthenosphere

a layer of molten rock directly below the lithosphere, convection current happen here

Moho

• boundary between lithosphere and the mesosphere; stands for Mohorovicic Discontinuity 

Asthenosphere

a layer of molten rock directly below the lithosphere, convection current happen here

Lithification

conversion of sediment into solid rock due to weather/erosion, sediments gets compacted into solid rock 

Benioff Zone

point where subducting plate reaches the Asthenosphere (eq zone, for continuous small earthquakes)

Continental Slope

 the drop off from shallow ocean floor to the deep trenches

Ocean Trench

a trench forms as the subducting plate pulls the leading edge of the other plate down; the deepest part of earth 

Continental Shelf

shallow flat area of the ocean floor that continues until the deep ocean trenches; can extend up to 100 km before shell drops off

Subduction Zone

geological feature where 2 tectonic plates collide, with one plate (usually the oceanic crust) forced underneath the other, sinking into the earth's mantle causing earthquake, volcanoes, tsunamis

Nonrenewable

natural resource that cannot be replenished within a human timeframe e;g natural gas, coat, oil

Peat

first combustible material produced in the coal forming process, if not buried isn’t an efficient fuel source 

Lignite

 when peat is changed to a soft low quality coal, over time it will harden and carbon content increases

Bituminous Anthracite:

coals that are very high in carbon content 

Epicenter

 Point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus

Focus:

the point in the earth's surface where rock fractures, resulting in an earthquake

Focal depth:

Distance between the epicenter and focus 

Dike

rock formation when magma breaks through layers of rock up and down 

Sill

rock formation when magma breaks in-between layers of rock side by side

Laccolith

A layer of pooling Magma that occurs underground between rock layers

Batholith:

Large formation of igneous rock deep within the lithosphere layers

Volcanic neck

solidified igneous rock left within an ancient volcanic vent

Lava

molten rock that reaches the surface called magma when in ground

Pyroclastics

any and all material that is expelled by a volcano

Caldera

: A large volcanic crater formed by a violent explosion

Lahars

Mudflows caused by the meeting of water in the volcano submit

Nuess Ardentes

Superheated volcanic gasses that are more dense than air