Time Period 5 Terms

Antebellum America

time period of social reforms, intellectual and religious movements, industrialization, and increased federal power

Manifest Destiny

divine right to spread Westward

Texas Independence

controversial due to expansion of slavery as it was annexed and set up to be a state

The Oregon Trail

path settlers travelled Westward on

Oregon Dispute

British and US Occupation-US wants to add state above 36/30 parallel so they can add Texas as a state

Election of 1844

James K Polk wins “54, 40, or Fight!”

James K Polk

President during Westward expansion disputes who believed in expansion and manifest destiny

Mexican Cession

U.S. wins Mexican War, gaining land above Rio Grande

Slidell Mission

Rio Grande as Texas-US border and the purchase of California and New Mexico.

Mexico says no and Polk creates a reason to go to war so he can get what he wants

Spot Resolutions

issued by Lincoln in Congress (his whig era): laws stating there needs to be proof skirmishes causing Mexican war were not in spot of disputed territory

Wilmot Proviso

law proposed in Congress (not passed) that slavery shall not exist in any territory acquired from Mexico (contradicts Missouri Compromise)

California/Bear Flag Republic

causes issues with expansion of slavery because it cannot be split (like the Missouri Compromise split the country)

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Mexico lost war and was forced to give up land above Rio Grande—US gets California and New Mexico

What is the Mexican-American War thematically similar to and why?

7 years war and American Revolution because both include a dominant power seeking to expand territory through war

Gadsden Purchase

US gains lower Arizona and small portion of New Mexico to build transcontinental railroad (completes contiguous US expansion)

Osten Manifesto

US Southerners try to buy Cuba from Spain in secret to use its land for sugar crop and expand slavery

*Spain refuses, but this angers Northerners and increase sectionalism

Free Soil Party

(precursor to Republicans) wants to close Western territories to slavery to keep white opportunity for middle class farmers

Gold Rush in California

Gold found in Sutter’s Mill—boom in population (especially San Francisco) which sets California on track to be a state quicker

Southern “Fire Eaters“

led by John C. Calhoun—group focused on maintaining slavery and threatening to leave union (feel threatened by California becoming a state especially)

Prigg v Pennsylvania

says escaped slaves can be recaptured

Compromise of 1850

North gets California as a free state

Popular Sovereignty is used for New Mexico and Utah—sale of slaves banned in DC

South gets Fugitive Slave Law

Fugitive Slave Law

could force people in free states to help capture runaway slaves

Zachary Taylor Death Effects

dies suddenly during dispute of Compromise of 1850—meaning he cannot veto it and Millard Filmore (VP) helps the law pass

Millard Filmore

Zachary Taylor’s Vice President that takes over when he dies suddenly and signs the Compromise of 1850

Bleeding Kansas

border ruffians illegally vote/coerce Kansas citizens to vote for slavery

violence occurs between two groups and many are killed regarding the issue of expanding slavery

John Brown

abolitionist who killed many people in the Pottawatomie Creek Massacre in response to Kansas-Nebraska Act

Crime against Kansas

name of speech Charles Sumner gave that led Preston Brooks to cane him— violence becoming more common regarding issue of expanding slavery

Dred Scott vs Sandford

in this court case, the supreme court supports slavery and says it is legal in the US & popular sovereignty and the Missouri Compromise are unconstitutional

Lincoln-Douglas Debate

Illinois Senate election: Douglas’ policy is popular sovereignty

Lincoln: middle ground/non-expansion

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry

goal: to steal from US army base armory and give weapons to slaves in South, leading an insurrection

caught and executed (also angers south and increases sectionalism)

Election of 1860

Abraham Lincoln wins

Underground Railroad

network of abolitionists freeing slaves from South

Harriet Tubman

most famous conductor of underground railroad (threatening southerners “way of life” and taking their “property”)

Harriet Beecher Stowe/Uncle Tom’s Cabin

wrote best-selling book that is a social commentary on slavery—showing negative slave experience and shows morality of the issue

Hinton R Helper

writes response to Uncle Toms Cabin

Kansas-Nebraska Act

(contradicts Missouri Compromise) proposed by Stephen Douglas

Kansas = slave state

Nebraska = free state

Popular Sovereignty

majority of state deciding if its slave or free (democracy)

Republican Party

Replaces Whigs through platform of preventing slavery from expanding into new Western territories (view it as fine to stay same elsewhere at its inception) **mostly Northerners

Secession

started by South Carolina in response to Lincoln’s win in election of 1860

*South knows they can survive bc they grow so much cotton and rest of world is dependent on that

What events are the secession connected to thematically?

Kentucky and Virginia Resolution, Hartford Convention, and Nullification Crisis (right to leave union)

President of CSA

Jefferson Davis

James Buchanan- believes it is not his constitutional right to intervene in secession

Who is President at the time of secession?

The Anaconda Plan

Lincoln’s naval blockade strategy to cripple the South’s economy

Emancipation Proclamation

executive order after Battle of Antietam (when North fights South to stalemate after South winning a lot)— frees slaves in confederate territory gained back by Union

Gettysburg Address

addresses Emancipation Proclamation and references Declaration of Independence saying all men should be free

introduces dual purpose of war publicly (preserve union and end slavery)

Suspension of Habeas Corpus

(the right to a trial if arrested) Lincoln issues executive order suspending this law so that Northerners will stay loyal to federal gov

Peace Movement/Copperheads

Mostly Northern Democrats trying to hinder war effort

Great Britain

engaging in trade with South since they need cotton but will not recognize South officially since North made war about slavery

Northern Draft 1863

Ulysses S Grant using population to his advantage

-furthers lack of support for war in North

-leads to riots against upper class, police, and free blacks

“Rich Man’s War, Poor Man’s Fight”

upper class can pay to avoid draft while poor people are subjected to draft and negative effects of the war

Sherman’s March to the Sea

Lincoln thought this instance of “total war” was necessary

-Through Atlanta and GA pillaging and burning

Election of 1864

George McLellan vs Abe— Abe wins (South can’t vote Lincoln out because they are not apart of the union at this time—Historic Irony)