Periodic Properties of the Elements

These flashcards cover key concepts related to periodic properties of elements, focusing on electron configurations, ionization energy, and other fundamental chemistry principles.

What principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers?

The Pauli exclusion principle.

What systematic pattern describes the order of filling electron configurations from low energy to high energy?

The Aufbau principle.

When filling degenerate orbitals, what rule states that electrons fill them singly first, with parallel spins?

Hund's rule.

How many valence electrons do halogens possess?

7.

Which statement about orbitals and nuclear charge is FALSE?

An orbital that penetrates into the region occupied by core electrons is more shielded from nuclear charge than an orbital that does not penetrate and therefore has a lower energy.

Which statement about core and outer electrons is TRUE?

Core electrons effectively shield outer electrons from nuclear charge.

What is the ground state electron configuration for nitrogen?

1s2 2s2 2p3.

Which element has the electron configuration [Ne] 3s2 3p5?

Chlorine.

What does a +2 cation indicate about an element?

The element has lost two electrons.

What element corresponds to the electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6?

Neon.

Identify the element that has three unpaired electrons in ground state.

Phosphorus.

How many valence electrons do alkaline earth metals possess?

2.

What is the general valence-electron ground-state electron configuration for neutral alkali metals?

ns1.

Which of the following elements is a nonmetal?

Oxygen (O).

Define ionization energy.

The energy required to remove an electron from an ion or an atom.

What is electron affinity?

The energy associated with the gaining of an electron by an atom in the gaseous state.

Why do successive ionization energies increase?

Adding energy is required to remove successive electrons due to increased positive charge on the ion.

Name an example of a halogen.

Fluorine (F), Bromine (Br), Iodine (I), or Chlorine (Cl).

What describes paramagnetic species?

Paramagnetic refers to species with unpaired electrons that are attracted by an external magnetic field.

Which element has the highest first ionization energy?

Bromine.

What species has the largest radius among anions, cations, or neutral atoms?

Anion.

What is the most reactive element?

florine