CNA Chapters 4 Notes

Homeostasis

Homeostasis

The condition in which all of the body’s systems are balanced and are working their best.

Metabolism

Physical and chemical processes.

Anterior/ Ventral

front of the body or body part.

Posterior/ Dorsal

back of the body or body part

superior

toward the head

inferior

away from the head.

Lateral

to the side, away from the midline of the body.

dilate

another word for widen

constrict

another name for narrow

how many bones does the body have

206

atrophy

when the muscle wastes away, decreases in size, and becomes weak.

contracture

When the muscle or tendon shortens, becomes flexible, and freezes in position.

Range of motion (ROM)

exercises that can help increase blood circulation and improve muscle tone.

inflamation

another name for swelling

arthritis

the inflammation or swelling of the joints

autoimmune illness

causes the body’s immune system to attack normal tissue in the body.

rheumatoid arthritis

it can affect people of any age. the joints become red, swollen, and very painful. deformities can also result.

osteoarthritis

also called degenerative joint disease(DJD) occurs with age or as a result of joint injury.

osteoporosis

condition in which bones lose density

menopause

occurs at the end of menstruation. occurs when a woman has not had a menstrual period for 12 month.

total hip replacement (THR)

the surgical replacement of the head of the long bone of the femur where it joins the hips.

partial weight bearing

when the resident is able to support some body weight on one or both legs.

non weight bearing

when the resident is unable to touch the floor or support any weight on one or both legs.

full weight bearing

when both legs can bear 100 percent of the body weight on a step.

total knee replacement (TKR)

replacement of the knee with a prosthetic knee.

antiembolic stockings

a special stocking that helps aid circulation

central nervous system (CNS)

composed of the brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

deals with the periphery or the outer part of the body.

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

a stroke or a “brain attack”.

hemiplegia

paralysis on one side of the body

hemiparesis

weakness on one side of the body.

one sided neglect

tendency to ignore a weak or paralyzed side of the body.

expressive aphasia

trouble communicating thoughts through speech or writing.

receptive aphasia

difficulty understanding spoken or written words

emotional lability

inappropriate or unprovoked emotional responses, including laughing, crying, and anger.

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

gait

another name for walk

multiple sclerosis (MS)

a progressive disease that affects the central nervous system.

paraplegia

loss of function of the lower body and legs.

quadriplegia

loss of function in the legs, trunk, and arms.

sense organs

eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin

circulatory system

made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

glaucoma

when the pressure in the eye increases and eventually damages the retina and the optic nerve.

caratact

causes the lens of the eye to become cloudy. vision blurs and dims initially.

hypertension (HTN)

scientific name for high blood pressure.

diuretics

medications that reduce fluid in the body amd increase the need to urinate.

coronary artery disease (CAD)

occurs when the blood vessels in the coronary arteries narrow.

angina

when the heart muscle is not getting enough oxygen causes chest pain, pressure, or discomfort.

myocardial infraction (MI)

scientific name for a heart attack

congestive heart failure (CHF)

when one or both sides of the heart stop pumping blood properly.

respiration

the body taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. involves breathing in and out.

inspiration

to breathe in

expiration

to breathe out

dyspnea

residents who have difficulty breathing.

peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

a disease in which the legs, feet, arms, or hands do not have enough blood circulation.

bronchitis

an irritation and inflammation of the lining of the bronchi.

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

a chronic progressive disease where a person may live for years with it but never be cured.

emphysema

a chronic lung disease that usually results from cigarette smoking.

urinary system

composed of two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, a single urethra, and meatus.

urinary incontience

the inability to control the bladder, which leads to involuntary loss of urine.

urinary tract infection (UTI)

a bacterial infection of the urethra, bladder, ureter, or kidney.

digestion

the process of preparing food physically and chemically so that it can be absorbed into cells.

absorption

the transfer of nutrients from the intestines to the cells.

elimination

process of expelling waste

fecal incontinence

inability to control the bowels, leading to involuntary passage of stool.

constipation

the inability to eliminate stool or the infrequent, difficult, and often painful elimination of hard, dry stool.

enema

a specific amount of water, with or without an additive, that is introduced into the colon to eliminate stool.

fecal impaction

a hard stool that is stuck in the rectum and cannot be expelled.

hemmorhoids

enlarged veins in the rectum

diarrhea

frequent elimination of liquid or semiliquid feces.

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

a chronic condition in which the liquid contents of the stomach back up into the esophagus.

ostomy

the surgical creation of an opening from an area inside the body to the outside.

stoma

when the end of the intestine is brought out of the body through an artificial opening in the abdomen.

glands

organs that produce and secrete chemicals called hormones.

hormones

chemical substances created by the body and control numerous body functions. they are carried in the blood to various organs.

endocrine system

includes organs that produce hormones that regulate the body processes. thyroid, pituitary, ovaries, adrenals, parathyroids, pancreas, testes, and thymus.

diabetes

when the pancreas produces no insulin, too little insulin, or does not properly use insulin.

insulin

a hormone that works to move glucose from the blood into the cells for energy for the body.

glucose

natural sugar

prediabetes

occurs when a persons blood glucose levels are above normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.

gestational diabetes

happens in pregnant women who have never had diabetes before but have high glucose levels during pregnancy.

reproduce

to create new human life

vaginitis

an inflammation of the vagina. caused by a bacteria, protozoa or fungus.

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

when the prostate becomes enlarged and causes pressure on the urethra.

the lymphatic system

removes excess fluids and waste products from the body’s tissues.

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

a disease caused by HIV through the blood and body fluids of an infected person.

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

a sexually transmitted disease and can be spread through the blood by sharing needles with an infected person.

cancer

a disease in which abnormal cells grow in an uncontrolled way. usually occurs within a form of a tumor or tumors growing on or within the body.

tumor

a group of abnormally growing cells.

benign tumors

tumors that are considered non cancerous and grow very slowly in local areas.

malignant tumors

tumors that are cancerous and can grow rapidly and invade surrounding tissues.