Geography Flashcards — Wellbeing & Development (17.2–18.2)

45 practice flashcards for Wellbeing & Development topics (17.2–18.2).

What is wellbeing?

A good or satisfactory condition of existence; health, happiness, prosperity, welfare.

Define development (UN definition).

To lead long healthy lives, be knowledgeable, have resources for a decent standard of living, and participate in community life.

What are quantitative indicators? Give 2 examples.

Numbers used for easy comparison; for example, a country's total economic output (GDP) and how long people are expected to live (life expectancy).

What are qualitative indicators? Give 2 examples.

Personal feelings or observations about quality of life; for instance, how safe you feel and how much freedom you have.

What is the difference between MEDCs and LEDCs?

MEDCs are countries with higher incomes and better services (More Economically Developed Countries); LEDCs are countries with lower incomes and fewer services (Less Economically Developed Countries).

What does the HDI measure?

It measures how long people live, the average income per person, and how many years people spend in school. (Human develpment index)

Strengths of the HDI.

It's widely used, always measured the same way, and covers health, money, and education.

Weaknesses of the HDI.

It doesn't include things like the environment, safety, personal freedom, or culture.

Formula for the Happy Planet Index (HPI).

Experienced wellbeing × Life expectancy ÷ ecological footprint.

Other wellbeing measures besides HDI and HPI.

Gross National Happiness (Bhutan) and ANDI (Australia’s National Development Index).

Global life expectancy average.

About 72 years.

Factors affecting life expectancy?

Wealth/income, access to clean water, health care, sanitation, and child mortality.

Birth rates influenced by.

Education levels (especially for women), access to contraception, child mortality, and rural vs urban living.

Death rates influenced by.

How educated people are (especially women), access to birth control, how many children die young, and living in rural areas versus cities.

What is population growth?

The age of the population, wars/conflicts, diseases, and access to doctors and hospitals.

Absolute poverty line.

Living on less than US$1.90 per day.

Wealth share of the richest 1%.

About 47% of global wealth.

What is a favela?

Informal settlements or shantytowns in Brazil, especially Rio de Janeiro.

Major issues in favelas.

Poor sanitation, unstable housing, crime/violence, and low income.

Government responses to favela issues.

Police units, cable cars, Olympic upgrades (often displaced residents).

Absolute poverty vs relative poverty.

Absolute poverty is living on less than US1.90/day1.90/day; Relative poverty is living below the average standard of living in your society.

Chronic poverty.

Poverty that lasts for a long time, often passed down through generations.

Three themes of the SDGs.

End poverty, protect the planet, ensure prosperity.

Name 5 SDGs.

End poverty; End hunger; Health & wellbeing; Quality education; Gender equality.

ANDI meaning.

Australia’s National Development Index.

GNI definition.

Gross National Income: GDP plus income from overseas.

Emerging Economies (EEs) meaning.

Countries with rapid but unstable economic growth.

GDP definition.

Gross Domestic Product: value of goods/services produced in a country per year.

goal one of the un

End poverty in all its forms everywhere

goal 2 of un

End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

goal 3 of un

Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

goal 4 of un

Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

goal 5 of the un

Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

give the points for goal 1

No Poverty

• End poverty worldwide.

• No one under $1.25/day by 2030.

• Social protection + equal access to resources.

give the points for goal 2

Zero Hunger

• End hunger + malnutrition.

• Access to safe, nutritious food.

• Support sustainable farming.

give the points for goal 3

Good Health & Wellbeing

• Universal healthcare access.

• Reduce maternal + child deaths.

• End epidemics (AIDS, malaria, TB).

give the points for goal 4

Quality Education

• Free, quality primary + secondary schooling.

• Equal access to higher education.

• Improve skills + teaching quality.

give the points for goal 5

Gender Equality

• End discrimination + violence against women.

• Stop child marriage + harmful practices.

• Equal leadership + decision-making roles.

Using an example, describe how education can improve human wellbeing

Education can improve human wellbeing by giving people the skills to secure better jobs, earn higher incomes, and break the cycle of poverty. For example, in sub-Saharan Africa, programs that provide girls with access to schooling not only increase literacy rates but also lower child marriage rates, improve health outcomes, and raise family living standards.

explain why might another country have a higherlife expectancy than another

A country might have a higher life expectancy than another because it has:

• Better healthcare systems (access to doctors, hospitals, medicines).

• Higher income and wealth, allowing people to afford good food, clean water, and housing.

• Better education, which improves health awareness and lowers child mortality.

• Stronger infrastructure (clean water, sanitation, electricity).

• Lower rates of disease, conflict, or malnutrition.

Example: Japan has a higher life expectancy than Somalia because it has advanced healthcare, better nutrition, and higher living standards.

1. Extended Response:
   Explain the factors that influence human wellbeing across the world. In your answer:

• Discuss at least three key factors (e.g., wealth, education, health, environment, political stability).

• Refer to spatial variations between countries or regions.

• Suggest strategies that could improve wellbeing in countries with low wellbeing indicators.
  

Extended Response: Factors Influencing Human Wellbeing

Human wellbeing refers to the quality of life experienced by individuals, including health, education, income, and social conditions. Wellbeing varies globally due to social, economic, environmental, and political factors. This response discusses three key factors—wealth, education, and health—highlights spatial variations, and suggests strategies for improvement.

Wealth
Wealth affects access to food, healthcare, housing, and education. Developed countries like Australia have high income and long life expectancy, while low-income countries like Malawi face poverty and malnutrition. Strategies to improve wellbeing include economic development, job creation, and social welfare programs.

Education
Education provides skills, employment opportunities, and health awareness. High education levels in Europe and North America lead to better wellbeing, while low literacy in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa limits opportunities. Strategies include investing in schools, teacher training, and promoting gender equality.

Health
Good health is essential for wellbeing. Developed countries have universal healthcare and low mortality, while countries like Sierra Leone face high child mortality and preventable diseases. Strategies include improving healthcare infrastructure, vaccination programs, and sanitation.

Conclusion
Wellbeing varies between countries due to wealth, education, health, and other factors. Targeted strategies in these areas, along with political stability and environmental management, can improve the quality of life in countries with low wellbeing indicators.

Wellbeing is best described as:
A. The ability of a country to produce goods and services.
B. The quality of people’s lives and their access to resources.
C. The total income earned in a nation.
D. A country’s geographical location.

B

Which of the following is not an indicator of wellbeing?
A. Literacy rate
B. Life expectancy
C. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita
D. Longitude and latitude

D

Which Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) aims to “ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages”?
A. SDG 1 – No Poverty
B. SDG 2 – Zero Hunger
C. SDG 3 – Good Health and Wellbeing
D. SDG 4 – Quality Education

C

A choropleth map is useful for showing:
A. Physical features such as rivers
B. Population density using shades of colour
C. Longitude and latitude
D. Directions and bearings

B

Which of the following countries would generally have the lowest wellbeing indicators?
A. Australia
B. Norway
C. Democratic Republic of the Congo
D. Japan

C

Which statement is correct about Gross National Income (GNI) per capita?
A. It only measures income earned inside a country.
B. It divides a country’s total income by its population.
C. It is the same as GDP.
D. It does not affect wellbeing.

B

When reading a topographic map, “AR 4621” refers to:
A. An area reference locating a square on the map.
B. A grid reference locating a point within a square.
C. A contour line.
D. A scale measurement.

A

Which of the following best explains why wellbeing varies between countries?
A. Differences in latitude only
B. Access to resources, government policies, and historical development
C. Tourist numbers
D. Size of the country

B

Which type of map would be most useful for showing distribution of poverty rates in Australia?
A. Political map
B. Choropleth map
C. Physical map
D. Topographic map

B

Which of the following best describes “spatial variation”?
A. The difference in wellbeing levels across different locations
B. The change in population over time
C. The relationship between weather and climate
D. The measurement of longitude

A

Give a description of the meaning of the sustainable develpment goals

A set of 17 goals that were established by the united nations development program to make goals to improve wellbeing and governement

Give a description of the meaning of extreme poverty

a state of living below the poverty line lacking basic needs and earning $1.90 or less per day

Give a description of the meaning of a favela

an area of informal housing that comes with issues like lack of sanitation, no clean water, low household income, high crime rates and low security

Give a description of the meaning of the brandt line

a line shown on a world map that represents the countries above being MEDC more economically develped countries and the countries below it being LED less economically developed

Give a description of the meaning of the replacement rate

the number of babies each woman needs to have in order for countries to have a stable population level

what is spacial pattern in geography

difference observed (in a particular measure) over an area of the Earth’s surface

what is the relationship between global life expectancy and global distribution of birth rates

• High life expectancy → low birth rates (e.g. Japan) → because good healthcare + education mean fewer children die, so families have fewer kids.

• Low life expectancy → high birth rates (e.g. Somalia) → because poor healthcare means many children die young, so families have more kids.

• Poor countries = more children → lack of contraception + need for children to support family.

describe 3 aspects of life in favelas that impact negatively on wellbeing

1- lack of sanitation and clean water: negative impact because the houses are so close together and small that disease can have a major impact especcially when healthcare is unavailanle

2- extreme weather: the houses are made of bad quality timber shacks so the extreme weather can cause landslides leading to homelessness

3- low security: people living in favela houses havent got legal names so the government can move them anywhere anytime so people are left in poverty because of undeveloped government

which of the following would be a challenge assosiated with a country having a high amount of old people

which of the following would be a challenge assosiated with a country having a high amount of young people

which of the following indicators is used by both HDI and happy planet index

which of the following is used by happy planet index but not HDI

experienced wellbeing

which of the following is used by HDI nd not happy planet index

gross national income per capita

use this data to answer the following questions

a) Which country is most developed

b) Which country would be least developed

c) What would the correct order be to label the countries in from most to least develeloped

a) West bhuttanstan

b) Masonia

c) West bhuttanstan, south lazea, aravino, kobus islands

1. Explain the factors that influence human wellbeing across the world. In your answer:

• Discuss at least three key factors (e.g., wealth, education, health, environment, political stability).

• Refer to spatial variations between countries or regions.

Suggest strategies that could improve wellbeing in countries with low wellbeing indicators

Factors Influencing Human Wellbeing

Wealth: Rich countries (e.g., Australia, Japan) provide good healthcare, housing, and services, raising life expectancy. Poorer regions (e.g., Sub-Saharan Africa) face poverty, food insecurity, and poor living standards. Strategy: create jobs, fair trade, and aid programs.

Education: Improves literacy, skills, and employment. Regions with high literacy (e.g., Europe) have better health and income, while low-education countries (e.g., parts of Africa) have high birth rates and low life expectancy. Strategy: free schooling, especially for girls, and better teacher training.

Health: Access to healthcare and sanitation boosts wellbeing. Developed countries have low child mortality, while developing countries suffer from diseases like malaria and poor sanitation. Strategy: vaccination, clean water, and stronger health systems.

Conclusion: Wellbeing varies globally, with developed nations generally higher. Improving wellbeing requires tackling poverty, improving education, and strengthening healthcare.

Define human wellbeing and give two examples of indicators used to measure it.

Human wellbeing is the quality of people’s lives and their access to resources that allow them to live healthy, comfortable, and fulfilling lives.

Examples of indicators:

1. Life expectancy – measures the average length of life in a population.

2. Literacy rate – measures the proportion of people who can read and write.

Using an example, describe how education can improve human wellbeing

Education improves human wellbeing by giving people knowledge and skills that help them earn a better income, make healthier choices, and participate in society.

Example:
A person who completes secondary school can get a higher-paying job, afford nutritious food, and access healthcare, which improves their overall quality of life and life expectancy.