Allergic Rhinits, VIral URTI, Bacterial Pneumonia & Sepsis Extension

What is the function of the upper airway and nasal mucosa?

Filters air, expel irritants, traps inhaled material

What is the function of the conducting airways?

Moves air deeper into lungs and removes unwanted material

Define this:

Common upper airway symptom

Runny nasal drainage

Rhinorrhea

A clear drainage of rhinorrhea is a common sign for what two diseases?

viral URTI and rhinitis

Define this:

Itching sensitization involving nose, eyes, or throat in allergic disease

Pruritus

Itching supports what dominant pattern?

allergy-dominant pattern

Define this:

general feeling of illness or low energy

Malaise

Define this:

abnormal lung sounds often associated with fluid or inflammatory material in small airways or alveoli

Crackles

Define this:

Suggest inflammatory material or cells in lung tissue

Infiltrate

What supports the clinical pattern for pneumonia over lower-respiratory infection?

Infiltrate

Define this:

Increased immature neutrophils in blood during acute infection

Left shift/ bands

Define this:

Systemic illness marker

Rise when tissue oxygen delivery or stress metabolism is abnormal

Lactate

Define this:

Life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection

Sepsis

Define this:

IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity in the nasal

mucosa triggered by a non-pathogenic allergen

Allergic rhinitis

Define this;

Acute viral infection of the upper respiratory tract that

usually produces a self-limited antiviral immune

response

Viral URTI

Define this:

Bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract or lung

tissue that triggers alveolar inflammation and impaired

gas exchange

Bacterial pneumonia

Define this:

The first phase in which allergen exposure leads to

Th2-skewed signaling, IgE production, and mast cell

arming

Sensitization

Define this:

Mast cell mediator that increases vascular

permeability and activates sensory nerves.

Histamine

Where do allergic rhinitis or viral URTI symptoms begin?

Nasal mucosa

Define this:

Infection of surface-lining cells, such as respiratory

epithelial cells

Epithelial infection

Define this:

Antiviral cytokines released by infected cells to limit

viral spread and activate immune defenses

Interferons

Define this:

Throat discomfort often caused by mucosal

inflammation in viral URTI

Sore throat

Define this:

Mild temperature elevation that may occur with viral or

early infectious inflammation

Low-grade fever

Define this:

Loss or bypass of normal protective barriers that

allows injury or infection to begin

barrier failure

Define this:

Mucus and ciliary movement that help remove inhaled

particles and microbes from the airways

Mucociliary clearance

Define this:

entry of oral or gastric contents into the airway

Aspiration

Define this:

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns recognized

by innate immune defenses

PAMPs

Define this:

Fills alveoli

Protein and cell rich inflammatory liquid

Seen in pneumonia

Exudate

Define this:

Lung tissue becomes filled with inflammatory material

instead of air

Impairs gas exchange

Consolidation

What V/Q does bacterial pneumonia have?

Low

Define this:

Thick, discolored sputum that often contains

inflammatory cells

Purulent

Define this:

Sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing

Pleuritic pain

Define this:

Bacteria present in the bloodstream

Bacteremia

Define this:

Circulatory failure with inadequate tissue perfusion seen septic physiology

Septic shock

What are three important features for normal gas exchange?

Thin interface, Air filled alveolar space, Local defense (macrophages)

What is the cause of allergic rhinitis?

Environmental allergen

What is the cause of viral URTI?

Respiratory virus

What is cause of bacterial pneumonia?

Bacterial pathogen

What is the mechanism of allergic rhinitis?

Environmental allergen → Prior exposure → Allergic sensitization from adaptive immune response → nasal epithelium irritation

What is the mechanism for viral URTI?

Exposure to respiratory virus → Replicates in nose and pharynx → Self-limited

What normally moves irritants from airway?

Mucus, cilia, and cough

What is impaired during bacterial pneumonia?

mucociliary clearance and cough

What removes bacteria and particles from the air pathway?

Mucus, cilia, cough

Why might pneumonia happen in the lungs?

Impaired mucociliary clearance, epithelial injured, reduced immune function