A&P Chap 8

Flexor Reflex

Move a limb away from a painful stimulus

Stretch reflex

The contraction of a muscle in response to stretch of that muscle

neurolemma

The outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells that surrounds the axon of the neuron.

Astrocytes

Form blood brain barrier /form the brain during embryonic development

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that transmit information from neuron to another

SYNAPSE

The junction between the axon tip of the neuron and the dendrite

Cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls, fine motor skills, balance, coordination, and muscle memory

Medulla oblongata

Part of the brainstem that controls, vital life, sustaining function, such as heartbeat, breathing blood pressure and digestion

Pons

A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum To the rest of the brain has two respiratory centers

Mid brain

A small part of the brain above the ponds that integrate sensory information and relays it upward

Cerebral vascular Accident

Caused by interruption in blood flow to the brain due to blockage or bleeding in CEREBRAL artery

Shingles (Herpes Zoster)

Viral infection, producing the eruption of highly painful vessels that May follow a nerve path

Parkinson’s disease

A disorder of the central nervous system, that affects movement often, including trimmers, most common disorder of the basal ganglia of the brain.

Alzheimer’s disease

A Neuro cognitive disorder marked by neural Plex often with an onset after H 80 and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities no cure will eventually be fatal

Brain stem consist of

Midbrain/ PONS/ medulla oblongata

Which lobe of the CEREBRUM is responsible for interpreting site

OCCIPITAL lobe

Cell body of neuron

Contains nucleus and is protected by bone./ its in the cns or close to trunk of body not in extremities

AXON

A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body

DENDRITE

The bushy branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses towards the cell body

Lobes of the CEREBRUM

Frontal, parietal, temporal occipital

Frontal lobe function

Involved in motor function, problems, solving memory, judgment impulse and control

Parietal lobe function

Somatic sensory processing

Temporal lobe function

Hearing and smelling

occipital lobe function

Visual processing, and SPATIAL awareness

aphasia

Impairment of language usually caused by left hemisphere damage impaired speaking and understanding

Blood brain barrier

A filtering mechanism of the capillary that carries blood to brain and spinal cord tissue, blocking the passage of certain substances

HYPOTHALAMUS

A neural Structure line below the THALAMUS it directs several maintenance activities / eating /drinking body temperature /helps, govern the endocrine system via the pit unitary gland and is linked to motion and reward

THALAMUS

The brain sensory control center located on top of the brain, stem direct messages to the sensory receiving area in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum in medulla

PITURITARY gland

The endocrine systems most influential gland / under the influence of the hypothalamus./ its regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

Which part of the brain is responsible for helping you focus and distracting you from interruptions when you are focusing on something like reading a book or studying

THALAMUS

OCULOMOTOR nerve

Eye movement

Cranial nerves

12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain

TRIGEMINAL nerve

Sensation in the face, scalp teeth, contraction of chewing muscle muscles

Optic nerve

The nerve that carries neural impulse from the eye to the brain sense of sight

Accessory nerve

Motor fibers to neck and upper back

CORPUS CALLOSUM

The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

Setting what subject is proven to promote growth of the corpus CALLOSUM

Music

Largest part of the brain

Cerebrum

Cerebral cortex

Outer region of the Cerebrum containing sheets of nerve cells, gray matter of the brain

NEURAL PLACTICTY

The ability of the brains neural structure or function to be changed by experiences throughout life

Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

Tremors muscle rigidity BRADYKINESIA postural instability effective Flattening

Parts of the brain affected by Parkinson’s disease

BASAL GANGLIA

Dura Mater

Thick outer most layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

Pia Mater

Thin delicate inner membrane of the MENINGES

Arachnoid Mater

Middle layer of the Meninges

Subarachnoid Space

A space in the meninges beneath the Arachnoid membrane and above the Pia matar that contains CEREBROSPINAL fluid

Vegas Nerve

The 10th cranial nerve that innervates digestive organs, heart, and other areas

Abducens nerve

Eye movement

Hypoglossal nerve

Tongue movement

Autonomic Nervous system

The part of the Peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs/ such as the heart it’s sympathetic system

Divisions of autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Sympathetic nervous system

The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body / mobilizing its energy and stressful situations increase his heart rate dilate bronchioles dilate. Pupils decreases Salvatore gland secretion decreases per stylist, decreases secretions of the stomach acid contracts anal sphincter to prevent defecation relaxes urinary bladder to prevent urination, stimulates liver to change glycogen to glucose stimulates, pancreas to secrete glucagon increases sweat secretion constricts blood vessels increases secretion of Eron

Parasympathetic nervous system

The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body / conserving his energy / decreases heart rate / constricts pupils constricts bronchioles increases saliva increases per stylist increases stomach acid Relaxes anal sphincter for defecation relaxes urinary sphincter for urination, stimulates, secretion of insulin and digestive enzymes from the pancreas

The right side of the brain controls which side of the body

The left

The left side of the brain controls, which side

The right

Spinal cord injury

The type of paralysis is determined by the level of the vertebrae closest to the injury no regeneration leads to permanent paralysis

Sensory nerves

Nerves that carry information from the sense receptors to the spiral cord and brain

Motor nerves

Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body

Afferent Neurons

Nerve cells that carry impulses towards the central nervous system system

Efferent Neurons

Nerve cells that conduct impulse away from the central nervous system system

Myelin Sheath

A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of neurons / enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.

Saltatory conduction

Rapid transmission of a nerve impulse along a axon/ resulting from the action potential jumping from one node of RANVIER to another skipping the MYELIN – SHEATHED regions of membrane