Bio Keystones (copy 21-46)

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Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant cells and the cells of other eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms where photosynthesis occurs.

Chromosomal Mutation

A change in the structure of a chromosome (e.g., deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation)

Chromosomes

A single piece of coiled DNA and associated proteins found in linear forms in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and circular forms in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells; contains genes that encode traits.

Cloning

A process in which a cell, cell product, or organism is copied from an original source

Co‐dominance

When 2 traits are shown

Cohesion

The intermolecular attraction between like molecules. Surface tension results from this

Community (Ecological)

Different populations of organisms interacting in a shared environment.

Concentration

The measure of the amount or proportion of a given substance when combined with another substance.

Concentration Gradient

The graduated difference in concentration of a solute per unit distance through a solution.

Consumer (Ecological)

An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms or their remains.

Crossing‐over

An exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during anaphase I of meiosis

Cytokinesis

The final phase of a cell cycle resulting in the division of the cytoplasm.

Decomposer

An organism that obtains nutrients by consuming dead and decaying organic matter which allows nutrients to be accessible to other organisms.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A biological macromolecule that encodes the genetic information for living organisms and is capable of self‐replication and the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA).

Diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; a natural result of kinetic molecular energy.

DNA Replication

The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.

Dominant Inheritance

A pattern of inheritance in which the phenotypic effect of one allele is completely expressed within a homozygous and heterozygous genotype.

Ecology

The study of the relationships between organisms and their interactions with the environment.

Ecosystem

A system composed of organisms and nonliving components of an environment.

Embryology

The branch of zoology studying the early development of living things.

Endemic Species

A species that is found in its originating location and is generally restricted to that geographic area.

Endocytosis

A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

An organelle, containing folded membranes and sacs, responsible for the production, processing, and transportation of materials for use inside and outside a eukaryotic cell.

rough ER

that has surface ribosomes and participates in the synthesis of proteins mostly destined for export by the cell

smooth ER

that has no ribosomes and participates in the synthesis of lipids and steroids as well as the transport of synthesized macromolecules.