A&P test review

The expanded ends of a long bone are called the _________blank

endosteum

Why are injections frequently administered into the hypodermis

The subcutaneous tissue is highly vascular

Ectopic ossification is referring to:

bone formation outside of normal skeletal sites

Calcium plays an essential role in all of the following except _________blank.

• blood clotting

• communication among neurons

• DNA synthesis

• muscle contraction

DNA synthesis

What are the two broad classes of glands?

endocrine and exocrine glands

A tall, gangly patient with long spidery fingers comes into your clinic with a heart murmur caused by leaky valves.  What genetic disease might you want to test for?

Marfan syndrome

A fracture in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces is called a _________blank fracture.

comminuted

If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect _________blank.

an elevated level of osteoblasts activity

Overexposure to radium (radioactivity) has been proven to cause the deadliest of bone cancers known as

osteosarcoma

Liver failure may present with __________________; due to _____________accumulation

jaundice, bilirubin

Dermatophagoides thrive in pillows, upholstery, and warm humid places, they live on dead skin; these are:

dust mites

Why are the cells in the stratum corneum dead?

Epidermal cells die as they move away from their nutrient supply in the dermis.

Osseous tissue is a(an) _________blank tissue.

Connective

The most immediate cause of death in severe burns is ____________; while __________is the second leading concern:

Hypovolemic shock, infection

Hypercalcemia causes depression of the nervous system

true

Goblet cells produce

mucus

Eczema is caused by _______________________; whereas psoriasis is caused by a(n) ______________________ disorder.

allergies, autoimmune

Eczema is caused by _______________________; whereas psoriasis is caused by a(n) ______________________ disorder.

osteoblasts

Blood Ca2+ deficiency stimulates _________blank secretion, which leads to _________

parathyroid hormone, increased osteoclast activity

An autoimmune disease where you produce antibodies against your own desmosomes (junctions) which hold your cells together…thus causing widespread blistering of the skin

pemphigus

Epithelium that consists of more than one layer of cells is called _________blank.

stratified

Pes planus is referring to:

flat foot

The result of blood calcium and phosphate levels being too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called _________ in children and _________in adults.

Rickets

osteomalacia

Osteoporosis often leads to an exaggerated thoracic spinal curvature, which is called kyphosis.

True or False

True

A tissue found at surfaces, composed of one or more layers of closely adhering cells, is called _________ tissue.

epithelial

All of the following are bones with sinus cavities except

• maxillary

• sphenoid

• ethmoid

• frontal

• nasal

nasal

A depression in a bone is called a ___________; whereas an opening or hole in a bone is called a _______________.

fossa, foramen

The following bacteria is the etiology of (causes) gas gangrene:

Clostridium perfringens

Excessive or undesirable hairiness in areas that are not usually hairy is a condition known as:

Hirsutism

Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition, in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the _________

epiphyseal plate

The smallest nonliving unit that has its own unique properties is called a(n): _______________

element

The atomic number is determined by the number of: __________________

protons

List the 3 chemical bonds discussed in lecture:

covalent, ionic, hydrogen

Define pH

pH= -log concentration of H ions

Atoms that have an unusual number of neutrons from the other atoms of that same element are known as a(n):

ion

LIST the 4 most common elements found in all living organisms:

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

List the 4 major categories of macromolecules that make up living organisms

Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

The defining or signature molecule of all living cells is _____________________________________; it holds all the information or instructions for what activity a cell can accomplish

DNA

A chart that shows all the pairings of an individual's chromosomes is known as a: _____________________________; it is valuable in diagnosing some inherited disorders,

kartoype

The type of division of cells for growth, regeneration, and repair is known as:

mitosis

A trait that is expressed or 'what is seen' is known as the ____________________________________

phenotype

The name of the phase a cell spends most of its life cycle in is called: _________________________

interphase

Name the only phenotype expressed that gives definitive information about the genotype: ___________.

dominant

Is it possible for two dominant parents for a trait to conceive a child who is recessive for that same trait?

Yes, if they are both holding recessive alleles in their genotype

Give the example of a trait that exhibits codominance that was discussed in lecture.

ABO blood typing

Who is known as the Father of Modern Genetics?

Mendel

The allele for normal hemoglobin (H) is dominant to the allele for sickle-cell hemoglobin (h). A male and female who are both heterozygous for sickle-cell hemoglobin have a child. What is the chance that this child will have sickle-cell hemoglobin??

25%

_________ provide motility to a sperm cell, _________ act as sensory "antennae" in many cells, and _________increase a cell's surface area.

Flagella, cilia, microvilli

Which function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed?

protein synthesis

The gene coding for a polypeptide made of 51 amino acids would have a minimum of _________bases.

each codon requires three bases

51×3= 153

Transcription occurs in the ________, but most translation occurs in the _________.

nucleolus, cytoplasm

A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. This means the concentration of solutes in the solution is _________ than the concentration of solutes in the intracellular fluid, and will cause the cell to _________.

higher, shrink

White blood cells engulf bacteria by means of _________

phagocytosis

Which of the following organelles sorts, cuts, splices, and packages newly formed proteins into membrane-bound vesicles?

golgi apparatus

An educated speculation or a possible answer to a question is called a(n) _________.

hypothesis

A mutation is

a change in DNA structure that might be beneficial, harmful, or neutral

_________ play an important role in cell division, and are made of _________

Centrioles, microtubules

Proteins are _________built from _________ different amino acids. 

polymers, 20

Which organelle is most active in causing programmed cell death?

lysosomes

Mitosis is responsible for embryonic development and tissue growth.

True or False

True

Copying genetic information from DNA into RNA is called ________; using the information contained in mRNA to make a polypeptide is called _________

transcription, translation

Sodium has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic mass of 23. Sodium has _________

12 neutrons and 11 protons

If a DNA molecule were known to be 22% thymine (T), what would be the percentage of guanine (G) present?

A and T must be equal so 22% a

22×2=44

100-44=56

C and G must be equal

56/2= 28%

An _________ is composed of two or more tissues types, whereas _________ are microscopic structures in a cell

organ, organelle

Muscle cells contain numerous _________ to serve their high demand for ATP.

mitochondria

Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex?

Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach

All of the body's nonreproductive cells, called _________, usually have 23 pairs of chromosomes and are thus called _________ cells.

somatic cells, diploid

Nucleic acids are _________of _________

polymers, nucleotides

The plasma membrane is mostly made of molecules that have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. These molecules are called _________

phospholipids

Which of the following decomposes fatty acids, and detoxifies alcohol, free radicals, and drugs?

perioxisomes

The number of particles of a solute in a solution is described by its _________. The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume in a cell is referred to as its _________.

osmolarity, tonicity

A solution with pH 4 has _________ the H+ concentration of a solution with pH 8.

10,000 times

10×10=100×10=1000×10=10,000

Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and an atomic mass of 16. How many valence electrons does it have?

six

What contains the greatest amount of information that scientists consider to be true to the best of their knowledge?

Theory

The fuzzy coat of carbohydrates on the outer surface of the plasma membrane that functions in cell identification is called the _________

glycocalyx

_________ differ from one another in their number of neutrons and atomic mass

Isotopes

Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If solution A has a higher concentration of a nonpermeating solute than solution B, then _________blank.

water will pass down its concentration gradient from solution B to A

The special type of tissue that functions by lining organs and/or secreting is: ________________________

epithelial

The special type of muscle that is only found surrounding organs and controls organ volume is: ___________________muscle.

smooth

The special type of connective tissue that connects bone to bone is: ____________________________; whereas the type that connects muscle to bone is: _________________

ligament, tendon

Mucus is produced by special cells known as: _______________cells.

goblet

Shrinkage of tissue because of disuse or non-use is known as __________________; whereas the pathological or early death of tissue is called: ______________________

Atrophy, necrosis

The yellowing of skin due to disease is called: _________________________________; and is due to a build up of ________________________(by product of hemoglobin breaking down) and is caused by a failure of 'this' organ:  ______________________.

3 Parts!!!

jaundice, bilirubin, liver

Oil is secreted by special glands known as _______________________glands

sebaceous

Briefly explain what the most immediate concern is when dealing with a patient who has had extensive margin, severe burns (full thickness/3rd degree).

fluid loss and hypovolemic shock

Fungal infections of the skin are common and 'collectively' they are referred to as ________________________infections.

(capitis; pedis; versicolor; ringworm, etc.)

Tinea

The most superficial layer to the integument is called the _________________________; it is composed of ________________tissue (which of the four tissue types you learned about in histology?)

epidermis, epithelial

The NAME of the predominant cells found in the epidermis is: ________________________________________ (hint: these cells produce a protein that waterproofs us!)

keratinocytes

Bone dissolving cells on bone surfaces are called _________blank

osteoclasts

True or False

Most blood cells are produced from stem cells found in the red marrow of bones.

True

Bone-forming cells (early immature bone cells) are called _________.

osteoblasts

Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition, in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the _________.

epiphyseal plate

Calcium plays an essential role in all of the following except _________blank.

Multiple Choice

• muscle contraction

• blood clotting

• DNA synthesis

• communication among neurons

DNA synthesis

Hypocalcemia can cause _________

muscle spasms

Which of the following is not a function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Multiple Choice

• Promote calcium reabsorption by the kidneys

• Stimulate osteoclast activity

• Lower blood calcium

• Promote calcitriol synthesis

Lower blood calcium

A break in a bone that is already weakened by some other disease is called a(n) _________fracture

pathologic

Sinusitis is most often caused by __________and ______________

allergies and viruses

Ectopic ossification is referring to:

bone formation outside of skeletal sites

The instrument used to measure range of motion in joints is called a(n):

goniometer

The movement which allows bringing the thumb to touch (meet) fingers is known as:

opposition