Studied by 0 people
Chapter 6-9, PowerPoints
Novel Behavior
“can’t reforge a behavior that doesn’t exist”
can and does emerge through the application of operant principles
shaping
novel behavior can emerge as a consequences of the reinforcement of successive approximation of a target behavior
skinner demonstrated that you could get a pigeon to engage in a completely new behavior by reinforcing any behavior, that was remotely close the target behavior
simple procedure that we have lots of practice with
pairing two stimulus together
Behavior Chaining
We have learned to put all of the different behavior engaged in these activities together into a sequences that result in some reinforcer or another
behavior that we engage in are complex and can be broken down into multiple different behaviors
Chaining
procedure of establishing a behavior chain
Task analysis
the procedure of identifying the component elements of behavior chain
forward chaining
starts with the first behavior in the chain and works forward towards the bfindal behavior: hard and not ideal
backward chaining
starts with the last behavior and works backwards towards the first behavior
problem solving
Involves trail and error (Thorndike’s cats)
Insightful problem solving
Does not involve learning: it ermine from a sudden “insight” that results from complex cognitive processes
Wolfgang Kohler:insight learning
Published a series of studies that claimed that animals were capable of “insight”: The Mentality of Apes
Demonstrated that chimp, Sultan, had the insight to stack empty crates and climb on top of hem to reach a bunch of bananas suspended form ceiling
Insight
From a Behavioral Perspective
emerges as a consequence of history
harlow (1949)
demonstrated that insight “evolves” over time
his food under the lid of 1 of 2 boxes of different shapes and color
on the 2nd trail, he always hid the food under the lid of box either the same shape as the first trip but the box was to the same
at first, the monkeys did not reliably select the right box
as training progressed however, their ability to select the right box on the 2nd trail increased to nearly 90%
Superstitious behavior
operant learning, in classic experiment, Skinner demonstrated that non-contingent deliver of food to pigeons reliably produced very specific behavior in 6 out of 8 of his pigeons
delivered food grain every 15 second regardless of behavior
whatever the pigeon happened to be doing at the time was repeated over and over again
- these behavior were maintained even though they were to responsible
Coincidental reinforcement
mislead an organism to believe inaccurately that their behavior has operated onto environment
