Theories of Development 2

Development

A progressive series of changes occurring in a predictable pattern due to biological and environmental interactions.

Sigmund Freud

The psychologist who developed the Psychosexual Theory of development.

Libido

The sex drive that is the main source of life according to Freud.

Oral Stage

The first stage of psychosexual development (0-1 year) focused on pleasure through the mouth.

Anal Stage

The second stage of psychosexual development (2-4 years) centered on pleasure from controlling bowel movements.

Phallic Stage

The third stage of psychosexual development (4-6 years) involving pleasure from genitals and the Oedipus/Electra complexes.

Latency Stage

The fourth stage of psychosexual development (7 years onward) where fixations are resolved and closeness with parents develops.

Genital Stage

The final stage of psychosexual development (12 years onward) where sexual interest awakens and sex role identity forms.

Erik Erikson

The psychologist who proposed the Psychosocial Theory of development.

Psychosocial Development

A theory that emphasizes socialization and conflict resolution across eight stages.

Trust vs Mistrust

The first stage of psychosocial development (0-1 year) focused on basic needs provision.

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

The second stage (2-3 years) where independence is developed.

Initiative vs Guilt

The third stage (3-5 years) encouraging independence.

Industry vs Inferiority

The fourth stage (6-11 years) focused on developing skills and competence.

Identity vs Identity Diffusion

The fifth stage (12-18 years) where a clear identity is formed.

Intimacy vs Isolation

The sixth stage (19-40 years) involving the formation of intimate relationships.

Generativity vs Stagnation

The seventh stage (40-65 years) focused on contributing to society.

Integrity vs Despair

The eighth stage (65+ years) involving reflection on life satisfaction.

Jean Piaget

The psychologist who developed the Cognitive Theory of development.

Cognitive Development

A theory that describes how children develop thinking abilities through four stages.

Sensorimotor Stage

The first stage of cognitive development (0-2 years) where learning occurs through sensory experiences and reflexes.

Pre-operational Stage

The second stage (2-7 years) characterized by symbolic thinking and egocentrism.

Concrete Operational Stage

The third stage (8-11 years) where logical thinking and understanding of concrete concepts develop.

Formal Operational Stage

The fourth stage (11-15 years) involving hypothetical and scientific reasoning.

Lawrence Kohlberg

The psychologist who proposed the Moral Development theory.

Moral Dilemma

A situation where one must decide what is right or wrong.

Pre-conventional Level

The first level of moral development focused on punishment and reward.

Stage 1

Punishment and Obedience Orientation, based on avoiding punishment.

Stage 2

Mutual Benefit “Reward Orientation,��� based on receiving rewards.

Conventional Level

The second level of moral development focused on social approval and authority.

Stage 3

Social Approval “Good boy-Good girl” Orientation, based on peer pressure.

Stage 4

Law and Order “Authority Orientation,” based on following rules.

Post-conventional Level

The third level of moral development focused on social contracts and universal principles.

Stage 5

Social Contract Orientation, based on rules that can change for the greater good.

Stage 6

Universal Principles, based on internal moral principles.