[AGE6 00] MIDTERM: Lesson 6 Major European Arts

Ancient Greek

• It ___ art emphasized the importance and accomplishments of human beings.

• Even though much of Greek art was meant to honor the gods, those very gods were created in the image of humans.

• Its art stands out among that of other ancient cultures for its development of naturalistic but idealized depictions of the beauty of the human body.

Geometric, Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic

The art of ancient Greece is divided stylistically into four periods.

Geometric

• Four periods of Greek arts

• Abstract and outline art

Archaic

• Four periods of Greek arts

• Stiff and primitive

Classical

• Four periods of Greek arts

• Sophisticated and realistic

Hellenistic

• Four periods of Greek arts

• Flowery and highly decorative

Geometric Period

• Greek Arts

• It marked the end of Greece's Dark Age and lasted from 900 to 700 BCE.

• The ___ derives its name from the dominance of geometric motifs in vase painting.

• Monumental kraters and amphora were made and decorated as grave markers.

Minoan Influence

Aside from Mycenaean ancient Egypt and Near East, Minoan art greatly affect Greek’s culture to a more functional and decorative but also political purpose, especially the wall paintings of palaces where rulers were depicted in their religious function, which reinforced their role as the head of the community.

Geometric

• Artistic development in Greece, ___ Minoan influence.

  • Octopus Pattern

  • Floral Pattern

  • Bee Pendant Pattern

Octopus Pattern

Geometric Minoan Influence

Floral Pattern

Geometric Minoan Influence

Bee Pendant Pattern

Geometric Minoan Influence

Notable Pottery Art

• Greek Arts

• Geometric Period

• The Vasiliki Ware Teapot

• The Lion Aryballos

• The Minoan Octopus Vase

• The Dinos of Sophilos

• The Panathenaic Prize Amphora

The Vasiliki Ware Teapot

• Greek Arts

• Geometric Period

• Notable Pottery Art

• The First Luxury Pottery In Ancient Greece

The Lion Aryballos

• Greek Arts

• Geometric Period

• Notable Pottery Art

• 700BCE: A Celebration Of The Rise Of Corinth

The Minoan Octopus Vase

• Greek Arts

• Geometric Period

• Notable Pottery Art

• 1200-1100BCE: Pinnacle Of Bronze Age Pottery Design

The Dinos of Sophilos

• Greek Arts

• Geometric Period

• Notable Pottery Art

• 6th Century BCE: First Known Creator Of Greek Vase Paintings

The Panathenaic Prize Amphora

• Greek Arts

• Geometric Period

• Notable Pottery Art

• 4th Century BCE: A Celebration Of Athletic Prowess

Archaic Period

• Greek Arts

• (650-480 BC)

• In this period, the artisans began to focus more fully on real figures and elements of the natural world.

• Artists were into more mystical and fantastical subjects such as combined beasts like the Sphinx or Satyr-like creatures.

• Figurines and sculpture were beginning to imitate humanlike form.

• These new artistic ideas were assimilated into creating ritualistic images inspired from their own religion and culture.

Koral

• Greek Arts

• Archaic Period

• Block statues and figurines.

• The ‘Kouros’ and ‘Kore

Moschophoros

• Greek Arts

• Archaic Period

• The Calf Bearer

• It is a Greek word which means the ‘calf-bearer’ from 560 BC.

• It depicts strength and power and has a thick beard, a symbol of adulthood.

• Notice that he stands with his left foot a little forward, the ‘Greek Stance’, an evidence that classical is about to emerged.

Classical Period

• Greek Arts

• (480-323 BC)

• Sculpture In this period, Greek artists achieved a more realistic likeness in depicting human figure.

• The statues for example show the influence of Egyptian art in its stiffness, gracefulness, idealization, and achieving naturalism by portraying them in a lifelike forms.

• Most statues were commissioned for public display by the rich, noble and influential people

Michelangelo’s David

• Greek Arts

• Classical Period

Contrapposto

• Greek Arts

• Classical Period

• The Greek Stance, “___”, pronunciation [kontrapˈposto]) is an Italian term that means "counterpoise".

• It is used in the visual arts to describe a human figure standing with most of its weight on one foot, so that its shoulders and arms twist off axis from the hips and legs in the axial plane.

Aphrodite of Knidos

• Greek Arts

• Classical Period

• ___ carved by the sculptor Praxiteles in the 4th century B.C. from fine marble, it enjoyed great renown as the first devotional statue of a female goddess in the nude.

Hermes of Praxiteles

• Greek Arts

• Classical Period

• Created 360 BCE in honor of the Greek god ___.

• Hermes was also carrying another popular character in Greek mythology character, the infant Dionysus.

Hellenistic Period

• Greek Arts

• (323 BCE-31CE)

• Hellenistic Era pertaining to or designating the style of the fine arts, especially sculpture, developed in the area conquered by Alexander the Great from the end of the 4th to the 1st century b.c., chiefly characterized by delicate and highly finished modeling, dramatic, often violent movement of forms in space, representations of extreme emotion, highly individuated characterization, and a wide variety of subject matter.

• The word Hellenistic comes from the word ‘Hellazein’, which means ‘to
  speak Greek’ or ‘identify with the Greeks’.

• The overlapping of Classical and Hellenistic period paved the way fo realism in as much as sculpture is concerned.

• The difference between Hellenistic and Classical Art is in the style and transition of sculpting.

• The Hellenistic period saw emotions, movement of figures whereas in the Classical period there is more focus on the perfect realistic figures, the sculptures are static.

Discobolus of Myron

• Greek Arts

• Hellenistic Period

The Farnese Hercules

• Greek Arts

• Hellenistic Period

• Classical, 216 CE

• Static action and emotion

Boxer at Rest

• Greek Arts

• Hellenistic Period

• Bronze with inlaid copper Hellenistic, 330-50 BCE

• Express emotion portraying life

Lacoon and his Sons

• Greek Arts

• Hellenistic Period

• Hellenistic Notable Statues

• The statue ___ 200 BCE also known as ‘Lacoon Group’ was originally created by three great Greek sculptors from Rhodes namely Agesander, Polydorus and Athenodoros.

• The life-size statue is made of marble and depicts a Trojan priest named Lacoon, together with his sons Thymbraeus and Antiphantes, being throttled by sea serpents.

The Hunt of Alexander the Great

• Greek Arts

• Hellenistic Period

• Hellenistic Notable Statues

• Sculpture

• 4th Century

Greek architecture

• Greek arts

• It is known for tall columns, intricate detail, symmetry, harmony, and balance.

• The Greeks built all sorts of buildings.

• The main examples of Greek architecture that survive today are the large temples that they built to their gods.

• The simplicity, harmony, and perspective in ___ was the foundation of Roman architecture as well.

• Ancient Greek architects strove for excellence and precision which indeed are the hallmarks of

Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian

3 Orders of Greek Architecture

Doric

3 Orders of Greek Architecture

Ionic

3 Orders of Greek Architecture

Corinthian

3 Orders of Greek Architecture

Temple of Olympian Zeus

• Greek arts

• Notable Architecture

• Known as Olympieion or Columns of the Olympian Zeus, the ___ 561–527 BC by Peisistratos and completed under the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian in 131 AD.

Theater of Epidaurus

• Greek arts

• Notable Architecture

• 4th century BCE by the architect Polykleitos.

• It was converted as a medical center and became the first ever medical school in the world.

Periclean Parthenon

• Greek arts

• Notable Architecture

• Perhaps the fullest, and most famous, expression of Classical Greek temple architecture (468BCE) is the ___ of Athens.

• It represents the maturity of the Greek classical form.

Roman Arts

• Many types of Imperial art practiced by the Romans had already been fully mastered by Ancient Greek artists.

• It’s normal to assume that Roman art were inspired by the Greek culture more so on architecture.

• The Romans originated in central Italy, influenced by other local Italian cultures, notably those of Etruria, but from the 5th century they came into contact with the Greeks and from then onwards, the Roman republic absorbed many aspects of first Classical and then Hellenistic art.

Alexander Mosaic

• Roman Arts

• It is also known as the Battle of Issus Mosaic, is a Roman floor mosaic = originally from the House of the Faun in Pompeii, Italy. It is typically dated between c. 120 and 100 B.C. and depicts a battle between the armies of Alexander the Great and Darius III of Persia.

Roman Mosaics

• Roman Arts

• It influenced by a nearby territories of Africa to Antioch.

• Mosaics, known as opus tessellatum, which means small broken pieces of black, white, and colored squares of marble, tile, glass, pottery, stone, or shells.

• Typically, individual piece measured between 0.5 and 1.5 cm.

• Rendering in fine or smaller detailed images, little pieces is required as little as 1mm in size.

Gypsy Girl

• Roman Arts

• Notable Mosaic Arts

• Fragment of an ancient mosaic, Roman, 20BC

Bacchus

• Roman Arts

• Notable Mosaic Arts

• A 3rd century CE Roman floor mosaic depicting ___, god of wine.

• Flaminia, Rome

floor fragment

• Roman Arts

• Notable Mosaic Arts

• Mosaic ___, stone tesserae from Syria, 6th century CE

Glass-blowing

• Roman Arts

• Notable Glass Art

• It revolutionized the art of glass-making which allowed the production of small medicine, incense, and perfume containers in new forms.

• Glass unguentarium, or perfume small bottles production were prevalent throughout the ancient Roman Empire, and from Egypt to Cologne, Germany.

Glass unguentarium

• Roman Arts

• Notable Glass Art

• ___, or perfume small bottles production were prevalent throughout the ancient Roman Empire, and from Egypt to Cologne, Germany.

Thetis Portland Vase

• Roman Arts

• Notable Glass Art

• Roman Glass

• 1st Century CE

• The most famous example of Roman glass ware is the ‘___' which was made sometime during the reign of Augustus which depicts the marriage of Peleus and Thetis from Greek mythology.

colorless glass

• Roman Arts

• Notable Glass Art

• Roman Glass

• 1st Century CE

• It was in the late 1st century CE that ___ first appeared in the glassmaker's repertoire and it became highly sought after by Roman households.

Colored Old Roman Bowl

• Roman Arts

• Notable Glass Art

• Roman Glass

• 1st Century CE Colored Old Roman Bowl Discovered Intact in the Netherlands

Roman Sculptures

• Roman Arts

• It attempt to make their subjects look more realistic, while incorporating idealistic elements from Greek art.

• Many scenes show events and people that were real in a disguise but allegorical and political in nature.

Commodus as the hero Hercules

• Roman Arts

• Roman Sculptures

• The portrait of ___ (c. 190-2 CE) is a striking example of how elite portraiture in Roman art could be both realistic and idealistic at the same time.

Antinous

• Roman Arts

• Roman Sculptures

• Returning to idealized quality in Classical Greek sculpture, Roman sculpture achieved important innovation in terms of a more natural look, paint is rendered in the eyes especially in marbles.

• A perfect example to this is the colossal statue of ___, c. 130 CE.
  

Augustus of Primaporta

• Roman Arts

• Notable Roman Statues

• The sculpture’s function was to transmit an important imperial message to the viewer.

• The statue depicts Emperor Augustus as a strong and victorious warrior and a god in an ‘orator pose’.

• Many aspects of this statue communicate both his military accomplishments and his divinity simultaneously.

Head of a Roman Patrician

• Roman Arts

• Notable Roman Statues

• It’s a 1st century BCE bust of a wrinkled and aged face of an unknown upper-class Roman citizen.

• This marked the change of the ideal portrayal of a Roman depicting a strong and youthful image but a prized and experienced and accomplished public servant.

• This also defies the Greek culture of copying or portraying images of their great mighty leaders and gods.

The Sleeping Hermaphrodite

• Roman Arts

• Notable Roman Statues

• The figure had been discovered near the Baths of Diocletian in 1608 and presented to Cardinal Scipione Borghese.

• In 1619, he paid Bernini for the making of the bizarre buttoned mattress on which the figure now sleeps.

• At the time, the marble was believed to be a Roman copy of a Greek original by the great Polykleitos.

Marcus Aurelius

• Roman Arts

• Notable Roman Statues

• Equestrian Statue of ___

• 176 CE

• Equestrian statues were common in ancient Rome to honor military and civic achievements.

Gabriele Fonseca

• Roman Arts

• Notable Roman Statues

• The Bust of ___ is a sculptural portrait by the Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini.

• Executed sometime between 1668 and 1674, the work is located in San in Lucina in Rome, Italy.

Ancient Roman architecture

• Roman Arts

• It is seen as a part of classical architecture and generally builds off of the three classical orders, Ionic, Corinthian, and Doric which were developed in ancient Greece.

• Later, the ancient Romans added two of their own orders:

  • Composite

  • Tuscan.

• Like other classical architecture, the Roman style emphasized proportions and symmetry.

• But unlike their predecessors, the Romans placed far more emphasis on the practicality of their architectural designs.

• This was a major departure from contemporary practices which had always placed the focus on:

  • Structure’s exterior design

  • Function and aesthetic appeal

Doric

• Roman Arts

• Roman Architecture

• Classical Orders

Ionic

• Roman Arts

• Roman Architecture

• Classical Orders

Corinthian

• Roman Arts

• Roman Architecture

• Classical Orders

Tuscan

• Roman Arts

• Roman Architecture

• Classical Orders

Composite

• Roman Arts

• Roman Architecture

• Classical Orders

Pont du Gard

• Roman Arts

• Roman Architecture

• 1st Century CE

• Aqueducts like the ___ in France are marvels of Roman engineering and architecture.

• It showcase the mastery of hydraulic technology.

• Roads and Bridges:

  • Romans built an extensive network of roads and bridges across the empire, facilitating trade, communication, and military conquest.

Aqueducts, Roads, Bridges, Sewers, and Heated floors

• Roman Arts

• Roman Architecture

• Five Engineering and Architecture Marvels of the Roman Empire

Roman architecture

• Ancient ___ and engineering is famous for city development which became model of urban planning to this days:

  • Domes and arches structures

  • Amphitheaters

  • Temples

  • Thermal or bath houses

  • Atriums and plazas

  • Aqueducts / drainage

  • Apartments / Houses

  • Public comfort rooms

  • Interior and exterior decoration artworks

Maison Carrée

• Roman Arts

• Notable Roman Architecture

• It is the only temple constructed in the time of ancient Rome that is completely preserved to this day.

• This marvel of Roman engineering was built around 16 BC in the city of Nimes.

• It is an architectural gem that stands 15 meters tall and a length of 26 meters.

• Built by Roman General Marcus Vipanius Agrippa in memory of his two sons who died young.

The Colosseum

• Roman Arts

• Notable Roman Architecture

• Famous amphitheater was built an area of 189 by 159 meters, making it the largest of its time.

• The said monument, began during the reign of Emperor Vespasian in 72 AD.

• By the time it was finished by his son Titus in 80 AD

Odeon of Herodes Atticus

• Roman Arts

• Notable Roman Architecture

• Since ancient times, the theater ___ has been a significant part of Greek culture.

• Herodes Atticus built the structure in memory of his wife, Aspasia Annia Regilla.

• Today, the theater played host to huge music concerts and had a capacity of 5,000.

Temple of Hera

• Roman Arts

• Notable Roman Architecture

• One of the oldest temples in Greece, this ancient Archaic temple was dedicated to Hera the queen of the Greek goddesses built in 590 BCE.

• It possesses the aesthetics of Doric architecture having its 16 columns.

• The symbolic altar of the Temple was lit by a torch during the first Olympic games

St. Peter’s Square

• Roman Arts

• Notable Roman Architecture

• It was originally built by Architect Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 1664 is an iconic example that a city has to be built from ground zero.

• A model given to the world by Roman engineers and architects

Greco-Roman city of Pompeii

• Roman Arts

• Notable Roman Architecture

• The sophisticated ___ frozen in time.

• Destroyed by the explosion of mount Visuvius 79AD which buried all Grand public buildings included an impressive forum and an amphitheatere , lavish villas and all kinds of houses, dating back to the 4th century BCE Actual ruins of the city of Pompeii and digitally restored illustration.

Roman Wall Paintings

• Roman Arts

• The history of Roman painting is essentially a history of wall paintings on plaster.

• Some other Roman paintings were applied directly on wood, ivory, and other wall materials

Shades and Colors

• Roman Arts

• Roman Wall Paintings

• Ancient Roman wall painters or perhaps their clients preferred natural earth colors such as darker shades of reds, yellows and browns.

• Blue and black pigments were also popular for plainer designs though evidence from a Pompeii paint shop illustrates that a wide range of color shades was available.

Fresco

• Roman Arts

• Roman Wall Paintings

• It was used to adorn the interiors of private homes in Roman cities and in the countryside.

Two ‘Faces

• Roman Arts

• Notable Roman Wall Paintings

• Most houses in ancient Romans featured red painted walls depicting women, animals or erotic art.

• This original painting of ‘___, 1st Century CE shows defined features of lips painted with reddish orange color making the eyes look expressive.

Fresco of Theseus

• Roman Arts

• Notable Roman Wall Paintings

• This gorgeous ‘___’, 18th century was discovered from within a Basilica located in Herculaneum, Pompeii.

• The painting looks spectacular and shows a few children holding Theseus’s hand and congratulating him for killing the mythological beast-Minotaur

Fresco of Wader Bird

• Roman Arts

• Notable Roman Wall Paintings

• This painting ‘___’ roaming freely in one of the gardens along Sarno river and looks astonishing with lush green surroundings, painted in serene colors of green, white and shades of yellow.

Eros and Psyche

• Roman Arts

• Notable Roman Wall Paintings

• This wall painting shows ‘___’, 1st century CE.

• Ancient Roman artists loved to portray eternal love between people and mythological characters, and one of the most popular subjects was Eros and Psyche’s love story