Industrialization Review

Enclosure Movement

Wealthy landowners fenced off land, forcing small farmers into cities and creating a labor force for factories.

Agricultural Revolution

New farming methods like crop rotation and the seed drill increased food production and population growth.

Water Frame

A machine powered by water that spun yarn faster and more efficiently.

Spinning Jenny

Allowed one worker to spin multiple threads at once, speeding up textile production.

Spinning Mule

Combined the spinning jenny and water frame to produce stronger, finer thread.

Mechanical Reaper

Harvested crops quickly and efficiently, reducing the need for labor.

Bessemer Process

A method for making steel more efficiently and cheaply from iron.

Steam Engine

A key invention that powered machines, locomotives, and ships, revolutionizing transportation and industry.

Railroads

Expanded trade, connected cities, created jobs, and reduced transportation costs.

Factors that Contributed to Industrialization

Natural resources, labor supply, capital, inventions, and political stability.

Positive Aspects of Industrialization

More jobs, technological innovation, increased production, and a rising middle class.

Negative Aspects of Industrialization

Poor working conditions, child labor, pollution, and overcrowded cities.

Textile Production

The first industry to industrialize, moving from home-based to factory-based production.

Urbanization

Mass migration to cities, leading to overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions.

Life Expectancy of Industrial Workers

Very low due to harsh conditions, poor diet, and disease.

Living Conditions in the Industrial Era

Tenement housing, lack of sanitation, and overcrowded spaces.

Working Conditions in the Industrial Era

Long hours, low pay, dangerous machinery, and child labor.

Class Tensions During Industrialization

Conflict between rich factory owners, rising middle class, and poor working class.

Factors of Production

Land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.

Capitalism

An economic system where businesses are privately owned and operated for profit.

Utilitarianism

Belief that actions are good if they benefit the majority; supported reforms.

Socialism

Government ownership of key industries to promote equality and fairness.

Communism

A classless society where all property is shared; no private ownership.

Wealth of Nations

Book by Adam Smith supporting capitalism and laissez-faire economics.

The Communist Manifesto

Book by Marx and Engels advocating for worker revolution and communism.

Labor Unions

Organizations formed to fight for workers' rights and better conditions.

Collective Bargaining

Negotiations between employers and labor unions over working conditions.

Strikes

Refusals to work used by workers to demand better pay or conditions.

Reform Laws

Laws passed to improve factory safety, limit child labor, and set work hour limits.

Role of Slavery in America

Provided raw materials like cotton to fuel industrialization in the U.S. and Britain.