APUSH - All Units

joint-stock company

Companies made up of group of investors who bought the right to establish plantations from the king

Virginia Company

The first joint-stock company in the colonies; founded Jamestown; promised gold, conversion of Indian to Christianity, and passage to the Indies

Jamestown

First permanent British colony established in New World (in 1607); Located in Virginia

Captain John Smith

Jamestown's survival was largely due to his leadership; established harsh martial law in the colony to ensure that those who did not work would not eat

John Rolfe

Eased tensions b/t colonists and Indians when he married Pocahontas; discovered a new strain of tobacco; Tobacco cultivations became crucial to Virginia's economy; established the plantation system

Pocahontas

Chief Powatan's daughter; Instrumental in preserving peace in Jamestown

royal colony

Colony administered by a royal governor appointed by the king or queen of the mother country; Ex. VA, NY

Puritans

Protestants who wished to purify the Anglican Church by breaking away from Catholic practices and barring people from the church who were not commited

Pilgrims (Separatists)

Radical Protestants who wished to break from the Anglican Church entirely; Left England to settler in Netherlands but did not approve of the "Dutchification" of their children; enveutally settled in New World to avoid religious persecution

Plymouth Colony (Plymouth Bay)

Chosen as the settlement site by the Pilgrims; located in present-day MA

Mayflower

One of the three ships on which the Pilgrims sailed to the New World

Mayflower Compact

Regarded not as a constitution but as an agreement; Recognized James I as sovereign leader and all settlers as governing body; Agreed to majority rule

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Founded in 1629 by non-Seperatist Puritans

John Winthrop

Governor of MBC; Wished to create "city upon a hill" in which morals were strictly enforced

Great Migration

Turmoil in England caused 150,000+ settlers to migrate to New World; ended with the outburst of English Civil War

Virginia House of Burgesses

First miniature parliament authorized by London Company in 1619 in British American colonies; representative self-gov't; grant revoked by James I who thought assembly was dangerous and made VA a royal colony

corporate colonies

Led by a government with trading-company charters; Ex. MA, RI, CN

proprietary colony

Colony fully governed by governors chosen by private land owners; granted permission by the Crown; are eventually reclaimed by the Crown and made into royal colonies; Ex. MD, PN, DE

Chesapeake colonies

Comprised of MD and VI; had characteristics of both the Middle and Southern colonies - slavey and tobacco (South), farmed grain (Middle)

George Calvert (Lord Baltimore)

Founded colony of Maryland for Catholic haven and profit

Act of Toleration (1649

Guaranteed religious freedom for those who asserted the divinity of Jesus Christ (excluded Atheists and Jews)

Sir William (Governor) Berkeley

Enacted friendly policies toward the Indians, eventually leading to Bacon's Rebellion

Bacon's Rebellion

Freedmen (former indentured servants) had difficulty working and living within the colonies and would often squat on Indian land; after several attacks from Indians, the freedmen requested protection from the gov't (Berkeley); when he refused to send aid and instead enacted policies to help the Indians, the freedmen were outraged; Nathaniel Bacon, an aristocrat and member of the House of Burgesses began mobilizing a militia to protect whites from Indians; massacred Indians and set fire to Jamestown causing Berkeley to flee; after Bacon died of disease, Berkeley crushed the rebellion; SIGNIFICANCE: colonists began to realize how dangerous indentured servants were becoming and upped slave imports

indentured servant

Individuals whose voyages to the New World were paid by others; in return for the free voyage, they would have to work for the provider for a certain period of time

slavery

Captured or traded from Africa and brought to the Americas along the Middle Passage; considered property of wealthy whites, treated harshly; Essentially replaced indentured servitude

Roger Williams

Minister from Salem; extreme Separatist who argued legality of MBC and Plymouth b/c both colonies were built on Indian land which the King had no authority over; Strongly believed in separation of church and state, King should have nothing to do with religious matters;

Providence

In present-day RI; Established by Roger Williams on land he purchased from the Indians; Vowed to accepts all settlers regardless of their beliefs

Anne Hutchinson

Dubbed a heretic and banished from MBC b/c of her radical beliefs in antinomianism

antinomianism

Essentially anarchy; Hutchinson's believe that man did not need to follow laws as his behavior has not bearing on his predestined outcome

Thomas Hooker

A reverend from Boston who led a group into present-day CN where they established the town of Hartford; against the strict policies of Winthrop and the MBC

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)

FIRST modern constitution in American history; established a democracy controlled by citizens; modeled CN's future colonial charter and state constitution

Halfway Covenant

A form of partial church membership to encourage children and grandchildren of first-genertation settlers to renew piety and abandon quests for material wealth

Patroonship

Favored aristocrats; Granted vast feudal estates to those who would settler at least 50 persons on them; Heavily protested

Society of Friends (Quakers)

Official title for the Quaker religion; stronger opponents to authority and Anglican church than the Puritans - often persecuted because they were considered dangerous; believed in "inner light" not scripture or bishop; Asserted that all men were equal in the eyes of God - challenged social order

William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers and as an experiment of liberal ideas in gov't while making a profit

New England Confederation

Comprised of MBC, New Haven, Plymouth, and CN; joined to fight against Pequots in Pequot War (1636-37)

restoration colonies

colonies that were not founded until after Charles II assumed the throne; EX. NY, SC, NC

Holy Experiment

tested religious toleration among many denominations

James Oglethorpe

founded GA, the last British American colony established, as a haven for debtors as well as a buffer state to prevent any Indian or Spanish incursions from the South (FL)

mercantilism

Idea that colonies existed solely for the benefit of the mother country; provided raw material and resources for England; goal is to export more than import

Dominion of New England

Main purpose was to outline and enforce Navigation Laws to protect mercantilist system in the colonies; created by Lords of Trade to unite all colonies after MBC's charter was revoked; prohibited meetings, revoked land titles, prevented smuggling, taxed heavily

Sir Edmond Andros

appointed by James II to oversee the enforcement of the Dominion of New England; despised by colonists for autocracy and loyalty for Anglican church

Glorious Revolution

England's bloodless revolution in which James II was dethroned and replaced by William and Mary; Andros was subsequently arrested and shipped to England; Dominion and Navigation Laws no longer enforced

triangular trade

Illegal trade b/t colonies, West Indies, and Africa designed to circumvent Navigation Laws; Indies sent sugar to New England, NE sent rum to Indies, Africa sent slaves to Indies, Indies sent slaves to NE, Indies sent rum to Africa

Middle Passage

The journey slaves took across the Atlantic from Africa to the colonies; very brutal, awful circumstances

Great Awakening

First mass social movement in American history; religious revival initiated by Jonathan Edwards

Jonathan Edwards

credited with starting the Great Awakening in Northampton in 1734; encouraged the idea of salvation thru good works and emphasized eternal damnation; powerful, logical writer and speaker

George Whitefield

most influential figure of The Great Awakening; amazing orator who appealed to the Bible; founded methodism in GA and SC

Cotton Mather

Puritan minister who supported Salem Witch Trials to decrease prestige of clergy

Increase Mather

son of Cotton Mather who became the president of Harvard University

Benjamin Franklin

Writings had huge impact on shaping the American character; helped establish the University of Pennsylvania

Poor Richard's Almanack

collection of writings of many thinkers of the day; emphasized thrift, morality, industry, common sense

Phillis Wheatley

First important African American writer in America; taught to read and write by slave's mistress; abolitionists used her as an example that blacks were not intellectually inferior to whites

John Peter Zenger

Put on trial for criticizing the corrupt moral governor; claimed that he was only printing the truth, not libel; jury ruled in favor of Zenger thus giving editors a bit more freedom as to what they could print

town meetings

Held in New England as a form of local administration

limited democracy

Allowing some democratic ideals and practices while revoking others

Sir Walter Raleigh

English elite who established the Lost Colony of Roanoke in present-day NC

Peter Stuyvesant

Surrendered New Netherlands after Charles II ordered British troops to remove the Dutch

William Bradford

30-time governor of Plymouth, very popular leader; distributed land among settlers to encourage farming

Anne Bradstreet

English-American writer; first notable American poet; first woman to be published in Colonial America; her writing really resonated with the Puritans

Pequot Wars

wars fought b/t Pequots and the NE Confederation from 1636-37; despite Puritan victory over Indians, NE fought to ensure security from Pequot attacks in the futures

Old Lights

Orthodox and liberal clergymen; deeply skeptical about the emotionalism and theatrical antics of revivalists

New Lights

Supported the Awakening for revitalizing religion and used emotionalism to impact their followers

Northwest Passage

Waterway from Atlantic to Pacific; sought since the 1600s

St. Augustine

First Spanish settlement in Florida, 1565

New Amsterdam

Founded as a sea port and company town by the Dutch; later renamed New York

Metacom

Name by which King Phillip went by; Wampanoag chief; declared war on Puritan NE towns damaging and burning many; later executed

Wampanoags

Tribe whose chief, Metacom, known to the colonies as King Phillip, united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers

tenancy

The rental of property. To attract tenants in New York's Hudson River Valley, Dutch and English manorial lords granted long tenancy leases, with the right to sell improvements — houses and barns, for example — to the next tenant.

Natural rights

The rights to life, liberty, and property. According to the English philosopher John Locke in Two Treatises of Glossary G-15 Government (1690), political authority was not given by God to monarchs. Instead, it derived from social compacts that people made to preserve their natural rights.

competency

The ability of a family to keep a household solvent and independent and to pass that ability on to the next generation.

deism

The Enlightenment-influenced belief that the Christian God created the universe and then left it to run according to natural laws.

Household mode of production

The system of exchanging goods and labor that helped eighteenth-century New England freeholders survive on ever-shrinking farms as available land became more scarce.

revival

A renewal of religious enthusiasm in a Christian congregation. In the eighteenth century, revivals were often inspired by evangelical preachers who urged their listeners to experience a rebirth.

squatters

Someone who settles on land he or she does not own or rent. Many eighteenth-century settlers established themselves on land before it was surveyed and entered for sale, requesting the first right to purchase the land when sales began.

Old lights

Conservative ministers opposed to the passion displayed by evangelical preachers; they preferred to emphasize the importance of cultivating a virtuous Christian life.

redemptioner

A common type of indentured servant in the Middle colonies in the eighteenth century. Unlike other indentured servants, redemptioners did not sign a contract before leaving Europe. Instead, they found employers after arriving in America.

New lights

Evangelical preachers, many of them influenced by John Wesley, the founder of English Methodism, and George Whitefield, the charismatic itinerant preacher who brought his message to Britain's American colonies. They decried a Christian faith that was merely intellectual and emphasized the importance of a spiritual rebirth.

Enlightenment

An eighteenth-century philosophical movement that emphasized the use of reason to reevaluate previously accepted doctrines and traditions and the power of reason to understand and shape the world.

Consumer revolution

An increase in consumption in English manufactures in Britain and the British colonies fueled by the Industrial Revolution. Although the consumer revolution raised living standards, it landed many consumers — and the colonies as a whole — in debt.

Pietism

A Christian revival moment characterized by Bible study, the conversion experience, and the individual's personal relationship with God. It began as an effort to reform the German Lutheran Church in the mid-seventeenth century and became widely influential in Britain and its colonies in the eighteenth century.

Regulators

Landowning protestors who organized in North and South Carolina in the 1760s and 1770s to demand that the eastern-controlled government provide western districts with more courts, fairer taxation, and greater representation in the assembly.

Ben Franklin

Influenced by the Enlightenment, a leading writer, scientist, inventor, statesman, diplomat, printer, publisher and political philosopher. Among the most influential intellectuals of his time, Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States; a drafter and signer of the Declaration of Independence; and the first postmaster general.

Pontiac's Rebellion

Launched in 1763 by a loose confederation of Native Americans dissatisfied with British rule in the Great Lakes region following the French and Indian War (1754-1763). Warriors from numerous nations joined in an effort to drive British soldiers and settlers out of the region. The war is named after Odawa leader Pontiac, the most prominent of many indigenous leaders in the conflict.

Proprietorship

A colony created through a grant of land from the English monarch to an individual or group, who then set up a form of government largely independent from royal control.

Tribalization

The adaptation of stateless peoples to the demands imposed on them by neighboring states.

Quakers

Epithet for members of the Society of Friends. Their belief that God spoke directly to each individual through an 'inner light' and that neither ministers nor the Bible was essential to discovering God's Word. Put them in conflict with both the Church of England and orthodox Puritans.

Covenant Chain

The alliance of the Iroquois, first with the colony of New York, then with the British Empire and its other colonies. The Covenant Chain became a model for relations between the British Empire and other Native American peoples.

Navigation Acts

English laws passed, beginning in the 1650s and 1660s, requiring that certain English colonial goods be shipped through English ports on English ships manned primarily by English sailors in order to benefit English merchants, shippers, and seamen.

South Atlantic System

A new agricultural and commercial order that produced sugar, tobacco, rice, and other tropical and subtropical products for an international market. Its plantation societies were ruled by European planter-merchants and worked by hundreds of thousands of enslaved Africans.

Dominion of New England

A royal province created by King James II in 1686 that would have absorbed Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, New York, and New Jersey into a single, vast colony and eliminated their assemblies and other chartered rights. James's plan was canceled by the Glorious Revolution in 1688, which removed him from the throne.

Middle Passage

The brutal sea voyage from Africa to the Americas that took the lives of nearly two million enslaved Africans.

Glorious Revolution

A quick and nearly bloodless coup in 1688 in which James II of England was overthrown by William of Orange. Whig politicians forced the new King William and Queen Mary to accept the Declaration of Rights, creating a constitutional monarchy that enhanced the powers of the House of Commons at the expense of the crown.

Gentility

A refined style of living and elaborate manners that came to be highly prized among well-to-do English families after 1600 and strongly influenced leading colonists after 1700.

Constitutional monarchy

A monarchy limited in its rule by a constitution.

Salutary neglect

A term used to describe British colonial policy during the reigns of George I (r. 1714-1727) and George II (r. 1727-1760). By relaxing their supervision of internal colonial affairs, royal bureaucrats inadvertently assisted the rise of self-government in North America.

Second Hundred Years War

An era of warfare beginning with the War of the League of Augsburg in 1689 and lasting until the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815. In that time, England fought in seven major wars; the longest era of peace lasted only twenty-six years.

Patronage

The power of elected officials to grant government jobs and favors to their supporters; also the jobs and favors themselves.

William Penn

Quaker who founded the Province of Pennsylvania during the British colonial era. Penn, an advocate of democracy and religious freedom, was known for his amicable relations and successful treaties with the Lenape Native Americans who had resided in present-day Pennsylvania prior to European settlements in the state.

John Locke

Philosopher from the Enlightenment, Locke is best known as a proponent of limited government. He uses a theory of natural rights to argue that governments have obligations to their citizens, have only limited powers over their citizens, and can ultimately be overthrown by citizens under certain circumstances.