Unit 4_Animal Body Systems Notes

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering animal body systems, levels of biological organization, and the role of microorganisms in human health based on the provided lecture notes.

Probiotics

Bacteria that provide healthy benefits to humans by improving or restoring digestive bacteria, often added to food like yogurt.

Antibiotics

Medicines used to treat bacterial infections that kill both good and bad bacteria in the digestive tract, sometimes developed from fungi.

Homeostasis

The process of maintaining a constant, functional internal environment within living things.

Cell

The basic unit of structure and function in living things; specialized for specific functions and used to repair tissue.

Tissue

A group of cells working together to perform a specific function.

Organ

Two or more types of tissue connected together to perform a specific task in the body, such as the heart or liver.

Organ System

A group of organs that carry out a specific function or job in the body.

Integumentary System

A system consisting of hair, skin, and nails that serves as a barrier against infection and regulates body temperature.

Immune/Lymphatic System

A system that helps protect the body from disease, creates white blood cells, and maintains fluid levels in the bloodstream.

Lymphocytes

White blood cells, specifically $B$ and $T$ cells, created by the immune system to attack pathogens like bacteria and viruses.

Red Blood Cells

Cells in the circulatory system responsible for the delivery of oxygen to all parts of the body.

Platelets

Cell fragments in the blood that form blood clots for protection.

Circulatory System

Also known as the cardiovascular system, it transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products to and from cells.

Respiratory System

A system that provides oxygen for cellular respiration and removes excess carbon dioxide from the body.

Nervous System

A system including the brain and spinal cord that coordinates the body's response to environments by transmitting electrical impulses.

Neurons

Nerve cells that transmit electrical impulses throughout the body.

Skeletal System

A system that supports the body, protects internal organs, and provides a site for blood cell formation in the bone marrow.

Ligaments

Connective tissues that hold bones together in a joint.

Tendons

Connective tissues that hold muscle to bone.

Muscular System

A system comprising about $40\%$ of body weight that functions to produce force and motion through contractions.

Myocytes

Muscle cells containing actin and myosin filaments that slide past one another to produce a contraction.

Endocrine System

A system that controls growth, development, and metabolism through the production of hormones.

Hormones

Chemicals released in one part of the body that travel through the blood stream and affect the activities of cells in other parts.

Reproductive System

A system responsible for sexual reproduction through the production of gametes, such as sperm and egg cells.

Digestive System

A system that breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates solid waste.

Enzyme

A protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions and reduce activation energy.

Excretory System

Also known as the urinary system, it eliminates liquid and gaseous waste products like urine, sweat, and $CO_2$ to maintain homeostasis.