L15: Blood & Lymphatics

plasma and formed cellular elements

what is the fluid connective tissue made up of?

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

what are 3 formed cellular elements

erythrocytes

red blood cells

leukocytes

white blood cells

thrombocytes

platelets

hematocrit

percent of blood volume that is RBCs: 47% +/- 5% for males, 42% +/- 5% for females

plasma (55%), WBC and platelets (<1%), erythrocytes (45%)

what are the layers of a spun tube of blood? list from top to bottom

bright red

what color is blood when it's oxygenated?

deep red purple

what color is blood when it's DEoxygenated?

7.35-7.45

what's the pH of blood?

4-6

average volume of blood (both male and female)

distributing substances, regulating blood levels of substances, and protection

what are the 3 functions of blood?

O2 & nutrients to body, wastes to lungs and kidneys, and hormones from endocrine to target organs

how does blood distribute substances?

maintain body temp, pH, and fluid volume

how does blood regulate blood levels of substances

prevent blood loss (plasma proteins & platelets initiate clot formation) and preventing infection

how does blood provide protection?

plasma

fluid matrix of the blood

water

what's the main component of plasma that makes up 92% of the weight?

proteins

what account for the remaining 7% of plasma weight? this makes posmotic pressure of blood higher than that of interstitial fluid

albumins

make up of 60% of total protein in plasma (transport lipid)

globulins

alpha, beta, and gamma[?]; gamma[?] = antibodies

fibrinogen

blood clotting protein

transferrin

iron-transferring protein; used to take iron (Fe) from food to bone marrow to make more blood

molecules

make up of remaining 1% of plasma weight; includes dissolved organic molecules, ions, trace elements and vitamins, and dissolved gases

red blood cells

play a key role in transporting O2 from lungs to tissues, and CO2 from tissues to lungs; AKA erythrocytes

white blood cells

play a key role in body's immune response, defending the body against foreign invaders; AKA leukocytes

platelets

play an instrumental role in coagulation, the process by which blood clots prevents blood loss in damaged cells; AKA thrombocytes

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

all blood cells are derive from a single precursor cell type; found in bone marrow

hematopoiesis

synthesis of blood cells throughout a person's life

pluripotent stem cells

have ability to develop into many different cell types

uncommitted stem cells

stem cells that have not gone through specification and have potential to be different cell types

progenitor cells

cells, upon binding with specific cytokines, are committed to a certain cell type which then differentiate into specific blood cells

committed progenitor cells & lymphocytes

what are the cells still in the bone marrow that occur after the uncommitted stem cells

erythoblast & megakaryocyte

what are two kinds of cells occur after committed progenitor cells phase but before entering blood circulation?

erythropoietin (EPO)

cytokines produced by kidney cells, bind to uncommitted stem cells to form red blood cells

kidney are oxygen sensors

why does it make sense to have the kidneys produce erythropoietin (EPO) cytokines to produce more RBC?

thrombopoietin (TPO)

cytokines produced by liver primarily, bind to uncommitted stem cell to form megakaryocyte

biconcave disk shape

what is the shape of an erythrocyte?

nucleus and mitochondria

what does an erythrocyte lack?

glycolysis

if a RBC doesn't have mitochondria, how does it produce ATP?

120 days

what's the life span of a RBC?

hemoglobin (Hb)

iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells

spectrin

cytoskeletal plasma membrane protein that provides flexibility to change cellular shape

250 millions

a single RBC contain how many hemoglobin molecules?

heme group

hemoglobin is a large protein with 4 globular protein chains, each wrapped around an iron containing ?

porphyrin ring

each heme group consists of a carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen [what] with an iron atom (Fe) in the center

Fe

what in hemoglobin that carries the oxygen?

70%

what percent of iron in the body is found in the heme groups of hemoglobin?

red meat, beans, spinach, and iron fortified bread

where does dietary iron come from?

active transport

Fe being absorbed form the intestines into the plasma by what kind of transport?

stored as ferritin in liver

where is Fe stored if there is an excess of it? and what is it stored as?

Fe is used to make Hb which leads to RBC synthesis

once Fe reaches bone marrow, what happens?

spleen

what destroys old RBCs?

Hb to bilirubin

what does the spleen turn RBC into?

exceeds in urine and feces

where does bilirubin and metabolites go?

metabolites it into urine

what does the kidney do to bilirubin?

liver metabolizes bilirubin and excretes it in bile which metabolites in feces

what does liver do to bilirubin?

jaundice

a condition in which the skin and whites of eyes take on a yellow appearance due to elevated bilirubin in blood

megakaryocytes

large cells that develop into platelets

4000

one megakaryocyte produces about how many plateletes?

smaller, colorless, and have no nucleus

how is platelets compared to RBCs?

clotting proteins and cytokines

platelets have granules that consists of?

10 days; only active when blood vessel walls are damaged

what's the lifespan of platelets?

hemostasis

process of keeping blood within a damaged blood vessel by repairing breaks without compromising the fluidity of the blood

hemorrhage

excessive blood loss; opposite of hemostasis

vascular spasm, platelet plug, and coagulation

what are the 3 steps for hemostasis

vascular spasm

blood vessel endothelia release vasoconstrictive paracrines which cause immediate constriction of damaged vessels

platelet plug

mechanical blockaged of hole starts with platelets adhesion at damaged area; adhered platelets release cytokines in area which activate more platelets to stick to one another

coagulation

formation of a clot that seals the hole until tissues are reparied

tissue factor

damaged walls will initiated coagulation by the release of what?

firbin

formation of a protein mesh that stabilizes platelet plug to form a clot

plasmin

as damaged vessel repairs itself, the clot retracts when fibrin is slowly dissolved by what enzyme?

where collagen has been exposed

where does platelets form?

platelet factors

what is released to attract more platelets toward the wound?

spiky to adhere to each other

activated platelets develop a surface that is what?

fibrinogen into fibrin

the final step of coagulation is conversion of what?

thrombin

the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin is catalyzed by what enzyme?

fibrinolysis

the process where the clot disintegrate when fibrin is broken into fragments by plasmin

positive

what kind of feedback loop is blood clotting?

whole blood transfusion

used when blood loss is rapid and substantial; include plasma and WBC on top of RBC

infusion of packed red cells

during rapid blood loss, what is preferred to restore oxygen-carrying capacity?

agglutinogens

different types blood are dependent on what on the surface of RBC?

agglutinins

preformed anti-A or anti-B antibodies

agglutinates

visible clumps or aggregates of cells or particles

against

antibodies act (against/along with) transfused RBCs with ABO antigens not present on recipent's RBC

A and B antibodies

blood type o has what kind of anti bodies?

B antibodies

blood type A has what kind of anti bodies?

A antibodies

blood type B has what kind of anti bodies?

blood type AB

what blood type has no antibodies against other blood types?

blood type O

what blood type has no antigens?

fever, chills, low blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, nausea, and vomitting

what are the symptoms of blood transfusion of mismatched blood types?

attacked by recipient's plasma agglutinins, agglutinate and clog small vessels, rupture and release hemoglobin into bloodstream

what happens to the donor's cells when it's not the same blood type?!

diminish oxygen carrying capacity, diminish blood flow beyond blocked vessels, and hemoglobin in kidney tubules which result in renal failure

what's the results of a blood transfusion of the wrong blood type?

Rh factor

a dominant trait and present on RBCs in about 85% of humans (Rh+); another RBC antigen of major clinical concern

placental sensitization

occurs when the mother is Rh- and the unborn child is Rh+

Rh+

Rh- people have antibodies for what?

transfusion or placental sensitization

the only way Rh- individual can develop antibodies against Rh factors is with exposure to Rh+ blood through what?

anti-Rh antibodies (RhoGAM)

what are Rh- mothers with Rh+ babies given to destroy fetal RBCs and prevent mom's development of anti-Rh antibodies?

hemolytic disease

develops in Rh-positive fetuses of Rh-negative mothers

babies after the first baby

what baby is in danger in hemolytic disease?

the body doesn't notice the Rh+ of the baby thus, never need to make its own anti-Rh antibodies

why is giving mothers anti-Rh antibodies during every single deliver prevents anti-Rh antibodies to harm the child?