Animal Diversity

Chp 8

what is the dorsal side of an animal?

the top of an animal with radial or bilateral symmetry

what is the ventral side of an animal?

the underside, or bottom, of an animal with radial or bilateral symmetry

what is the anterior end of an animal?

the front, or head, of a bilaterally symmetrical animal

what is the posterior end of an animal?

the rear, or tail end, of a bilaterally symmetrical animal

how do scallops:

1. preform gas exchange?

2. avoid predation?

3. obtain food?

4. reproduce?

5. have locomotion?

6. what are their sensory organs?

1. through gills

2. they have hard calcium carbonate shells secreted by mantle
   - swim short distances in zig-zag patterns
   - jump

3. -filter feeders → move water of labial palps that are ciliated structures that sort food particles and guide into mouth

4. Broadcast spawners (release gametes into the water)
   - external fertilization

5. swim → suck water through values and out near their hinge
   - jump → rapidly opening/closing shell

6. eyespots in outer margin of shell → detects changes in light

how do crabs:

1. preform gas exchange?

2. avoid predation?

3. obtain food and digestion?

4. reproduce?

5. have locomotion?

6. what are their sensory organs?

1. gills
   - long feathery filaments around central axis
   - gill rakers to clean/facilitate water movement
   - All located in gill chamber

2. carapace → exoskeleton made of chitin
   - eyes to see
   - claws for protection

3. Use claws to move food into mouth
   - specialized mouthparts
   - Cardiac stomach → tooth like structures grind particles until small enough to be absorbed

4. Use claws to compete/attract
   - internal fertilization
   - smaller gonads
   - fertilized eggs are stored on females abdomen

5. legs for crawling/swimming

6. eyes on separate stalks

how do sea urchins:

1. preform gas exchange?

2. avoid predation?

3. obtain food?

4. reproduce?

5. have locomotion?

6. what are their sensory organs?

1. tube feet and water vascular system
   - gills surrounding mouth

2. moveable spines (may be poisonous)

3. aristotle’s lantern → hard plates, stick out of oral end, which they use to scrape algae off rocks
   - herbivores
   - then moves through the esophagus and into intestine

4. broadcast spawners
   - external fertilization

5. moveable spines
   - tube feet

6. dont have sensory organs

how do fish:

1. preform gas exchange?

2. avoid predation?

3. obtain food?

4. reproduce?

5. have locomotion?

6. what are their sensory organs?

1. buccal pumping → draws water into its mouth and over its gills
   - Use gills and countercurrent exchange
   - gas exchange occurs at gill filaments

2. seeing with eyes
   - schooling behaviour
   - speed and maneuverability
   - colouration

3. mouth/eyes
   - Can be herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, or detritivores

4. 2 gonads
   - Some species produce sperm/egg depending on whether they are male/female
   - Some fish are hermaphrodites
   - Can have internal/external fert, and some are broadcast spawners
   - size of gonads reflect these differences

5. swim bladder → for buoyancy
   - fins

6. eyes

Define gonads

Part of the reproductive system that releases egg or sperm

how do gonads relate to fertilization?

animals that have external fertilization (eg. scallops, urchins, some fish) and therefore need to have large amount of gametes in order to increase chances of reproductive success have larger gonads than those who have internal fertilization (crabs and some fish) and therefore can produce smaller amounts of gametes and still have reproductive success.

what are the parts of the gill chamber of crabs?

• Long feathery filaments

• Central axis

• Gill rakers

what are gill rakers for in crabs?

1. for cleaning gills

2. for facilitating movement of water over gills

how many sets of legs do crabs have? what are they for?

5 sets:
1 set of chelipeds (claws)
3 sets of crawling legs
1 set of swimming legs