Homologous vs Analogous Structures and Evolutionary Evidence

Homologous Structures

Similar structures with different functions indicating common ancestry.

Analogous Structures

Different structures with similar functions, not from common ancestors.

Divergent Evolution

Species evolve independently from a common ancestor.

Convergent Evolution

Species develop similar traits without a common ancestor.

Fossils

Remains providing evidence of evolutionary change over time.

Comparative Anatomy

Study revealing similarities due to shared ancestry.

Vestigial Structures

Functionless structures inherited from ancestors.

Natural Selection

Process where favorable traits increase reproductive success.

Biochemical Similarities

Molecular evidence of evolutionary relatedness among organisms.

DNA Sequencing

Technique for comparing nucleotide sequences across organisms.

Embryological Similarity

Early development stages show resemblance among vertebrates.

Evolution

Change in heritable traits within a population over generations.

Postulate 1

Individuals in a population exhibit variability in traits.

Postulate 2

Traits are inherited from parents to offspring.

Postulate 3

Not all individuals survive to reproduce.

Postulate 4

Reproductive success is influenced by individual traits.

Functionless Structures

Anatomical features that no longer serve a purpose.

Molecular Homologies

Similar molecules across species indicating evolutionary links.

Cytochrome c

Protein found in all organisms, indicating common ancestry.

ATP

Cellular energy carrier used by all living cells.

DNA Mutations

Random changes in DNA affecting genetic traits.

Descent with Modification

Process of evolution where species change over time.

Survival of the Fittest

Concept that advantageous traits enhance survival and reproduction.

Intermediate Stages

Transitional forms in the fossil record showing evolution.

Anatomical Similarities

Shared physical traits indicating common evolutionary origins.

Evolutionary Relationships

Connections between species based on shared ancestry.

Divergence Accumulation

Process leading to new species from common ancestors.