international security

intl sec + ch5

what does security mean?

the government protects the state and its people from potential threats

what are the types of conflict and war?

1. nonviolent conflict

2. violent conflict

3. offensive war

4. defensive war

5. predatory war

6. preventative war

7. preemptive war

8. conventional war

9. nonconventional war

10. ethnic/religious war

11. retaliatory war

12. great war

what are the scopes of war?

local (typically bordered states, regional (war can span across one region), and global (world war)

what is a security policy?

policy designed to protect strategic interests, sovereignty, and territorial integrity as well as reduce and eliminate threats

why is the fog of war so profound?

it focuses on the difficulty of making decisions in times of conflict/war, in macnarmara’s case it was about how much of conflict was actually just based on luck

what issues are included in security?

weapons, military, etc etc

what concepts are included in security?

1. nuclear proliferation

2. nuclear deterrence

3. domino theory

4. security regime

5. geopolitics

6. fog of war

international security

mutual security issues involving more than one state, protecting the interests of states in the intl system (sometimes through pacts)

intl security pacts

mutual security pacts involving more than one state (NATO, ASEAN, SCO)

nato

formed to combat russia during the cold war and prevent the spread of communism

asean

association of south east asian nations, also created to contain communism (failed)

sco

shanghai cooperative organization, created to suppress separatism, counter us presence and contain russia

conflict

any antagonism between states, intl organizations, or NGO’s (violent/force vs nonviolent/no force)

war

most violent type of conflict, organized violent confrontation between states/social/political entities

what did the cold war do to war?

made the divide between violent and nonviolent less clear

great war

most violent type of conflict bc it includes the most powerful players

offensive war

an attack on another state, typically to gain territory or asserting power (japan attacked manchura, germany invaded poland)

defensive war

one sides main goal in the war is to defend itself from an aggressor (china defended manchura from japan, poland when germany invaded)

preventative war

protect against an possible future threat (1904 japan declared war on russia to “knock them out” before they got too powerful)

preemptive war

destroy an imminent threat (1967 israel launched an attcak on egypt, syria, adn jordan bc they thought ESJ were mobalizing to attack)

conventional war

regular armies clash in battles, usually along recognized borders

nonconventional war

small groups of rebels operating in rural areas and avoiding open fighting (guerilla warfare)

predatory war

war to acquire treasures, raw materials, trade routes, territories, and human beings (imperialism)

ethnic/religious war

caused by conflict between ethnic/religious groups struggling for their rights, territories, and independence (iraq war)

retalitory war

waged by a state to weaken or punish another

guerilla warefare

political violence by identifiable, irregular combat units usually to seize power/autonomy

symmetrical warefare

state b’s response to state a’s attack is of the same proportion (cold war)

asymmetrical warefare

state b’s response to state a’s attack is way out of proportion (northern vietnamese guerrilla warriors were screwing around so US bombed the whole country)

which war is the only justifiable war?

defensive/war in self defense

nuclear proliferation

spreading of nuclear weapons, materials, info, tech, etc.

nuclear deterrence

maintenance of nuclear weapons, not with the intent to use them but to deter others from attacking

domino theory

the intl system resembles dominos, if one state in the IS falls so will the rest

security regime

a powerful state provides protection to other states in exchange for their cooperation

geopolitics

the theory and practice of using geography and territorial going ons to achieve political power or seek security

fog of war

refers to the difficulties of making decisions during wartime/in the midst of conflict (refers specifically to the vietnam war)

what is the difference between national/international security?

national is focused on domestic security issues whilst intl is focused on mutual security issues amongst multiple states

how do national/intl security interact?

both are utilized by states to protect themselves and their people/interests

what is bilateral and multilateral security?

bilateral is only between two states while multilateral is between two or more states

what are the current failing states?

syria, lybia, somalia, chad, sudan, and central african republic

what are the threats to intl security?

direct intimidation/hostile acts (invasions, war) from states, failing states, + terrorist groups

failing state

states whose governments are incapable of exercising their major functions which leads to violence, carelessness, terrorist groups, civil war, population decrease, etc.

whats the difference between predatory/retalitory war?

predatory war is typically motivated by wanting to gain something (territory, resources, etc.) while retaliatory war is typically motivated by wanting to punish a state

what is a proxy war?

two opposing states support combatants that serve their interests instead of waging war directly against each other, its a war by proxy of someone elses war

can a states policy be interventionist and isolationist at the same time?

no

npt 1968

non proliferation treaty, leading nuclear powers signed this treaty to try and stop nuclear proliferation

how did the US respond to the soviets in the cold war?

symmetrically

unilateralism

state relies primarily on its own resources

multilateralism

state coordinates their efforts with other states/intl organizations

isolationism

state has a policy of avoiding military intervention abroad and doesnt participate in intl. alliances, organizations, or collective security efforts

interventionism

state interferes in other states’ affairs without regard for their consent

when was the isolationist policy popular?

post wwi UK+US, their reluctance caused facism to grow and take over europe (germany + italy)

when was the interventionist policy popular?

1700s/1800s britain, france, russia, and germany; post cold war US

cooperation

policy that addresses other states’ concerns for security

what is the security dilemma?

a viscious cycle where one states efforts to improve its security causes insecurity in other states

what is the difference between security regime and communities?

a security regime protects other states in exchange for their cooperation while communities do stuff because of mutual benefit

what is liberal interventionism?

says military force/intervension should only be used when all nonviolent means have been tried and unsuccessful

what are the major alternate approaches to international security?

constructivism, marxism, feminism

realism approaches ot intl security

1. security is the main responsibility of states

2. states are frequently involved in conflict regarding intl trade routes

3. security depends on quantity + quality of their armed forces + mobility

mutually assured destruction (MAD)

if two states have the capabilities to destroy each other, neither will use them

how can the domino effect be avoided?

multilateralism

liberal approaches to intl security

1. power of states and security regimes are no longer the only key to peace

2. states have other options than just power or surrender

3. war happens when sides cant avoid the temptation of force + too much uncertainty + states cant decide how to divide territories

collective security

one states security becomes the concern of all who provide a collective response to threats

constructivist approach to intl security

believes states act according to historical experience, identities, perceptions, and social norms

international identity

percieved role a state plays in a regional or global community

militarism

glorifies war, conquest, dominaition, and weapons; emphasizes the use of military force in response to most foreign issues; rooted in extreme nationalism

pacifism

opposed to war; believes conflict in IS can be settled with nonviolent methods; glorifies restraint, mutual concessions, and respect

hawks vs doves

militarism vs pacifism

vietnam syndrome

general unwillingness to engage in foreign conflicts because of the perceived negative impact of the previous war/conflict

peace psychology approach to intl security

tries to understand the ideological + psychological cause of war; goal is to develop educational programs to reduce the threat of individual and group factors of conflict-resolution

marxist approach to intl security

says security policies reflect the interests of the ruling economic and political elites (they create intl organizations to protect their wealth)

feminist approach to intl security

says security policies should be “gender mainstreamed”; patriarchal views of conflict as a “natural” way by which sovereign states defend themselves needs to be dismantled

what are the relative roles of public opinion + lobbying in security policies?

public opinion influences WHO is in office, lobbying influences the DECISIONS of those in office

What does GRIT mean in the context of security?

small goodwill steps by one or two sides in an intl conflict will help build trust and reduce intl tensions

What is the military-industrial complex?

relationship between military and defense contractors, influences govt policy and promotes military spending

what is geopolitics?

theory and practice of using geography and territorial gains to achieve political power and seek security

what is CARSI?

central america regional security initiative; collective effort of governments, law enforcement agencies, and NGO’s to prevent the spread of drugs, corruption/violence, and other global threats

What role do energy resources play in security?

they affect a country's ability to maintain energy independence, economic stability, and strategic power

why has oil become a global security issue?

the people who have the oil (middle east and russia) dont want US to have their oil

individual scope of intl security

most states give their leaders authority on national security (during the cold war congress gave the president permission to declare war without congressional approval)

rage militaire

euphoric expectations of a constitution and a quick victory, the basically the concept of epople rallying together during war/conflict to “do the right thing”

diversionary war

when governments distract from a domestic problem and strengthen the governments position, typically in response to when rage militaire wears off and people hate the government again

lobbying

when people try to influence public officials in support/opposition of a policy/idea/law

what changed in conflict post cold war?

conflict moved from asia + latin america → eurasia, middle east, + subsuharan africa; increase in cyberterrorism, small nuclear weapons started production