Week 4 anatomy of articualtory and resonance system

Resonance

quality of the voice determined by sound vibrations in the cavities (oral, nasal, pharyngeal)

shapes voice sounds

Articulatory System

system of mobile and immobile articulators brought into contact for the purpose of shaping the sounds of speech

Functions of the Facial Skeleton

forms the framework for organs of eating, speech, respiration, senses, and muscles of facial expression 

Facial Skeleton Bones 

• mandible

• maxilla

• nasal bones

• palatine

• lacrimal

• zygomatic 

• inferior conchae

• vomer

Mandible Bone

• unpaired

• lower jaw

• articulates with temporal bones through condylar process, coronoid process

• function:chewing and speech

Maxillae Bones

• paired 

• upper jaw, anterior hard plate

• function: houses upper teeth, forms orbit floor

• articulates with frontal, zygomatic, palatine, nasal, lacrimal

Nasal Bones

• paired 

• bridge of nose

• function: supports and shapes the nose

• articualtes with frontal, ethmoid, maxilla

Palatine bones

• paired

• posterior hard plate

• function: forms nasal/oral cavity floors

• articulates with maxillae, sphenoid, vomer

Lacrimal

• paired

• smallest facial bone, medial orbit

• function: supports tear ducts

• articulates with frontal, ethmoid, maxilla

Zygomatic Bones 

• paired

• cheek bones

• function: lateral orbit, cheek prominence

• articualtes with temporal(zygomatic arch), frontal, sphenoud, maxilla,

Inferior Conchae

• curved coily bones in the nasal cavity

• function: warm and filter air

Vomer Bone

• unpaired

• forms inferior nasal septum 

• function: separates nasal cavities

• articultes with ethmoid, sphenoid, palatine, maxillae

Functions of the Cranial Bones

to house and protect the brain

Cranial Skeleton bones

• ethmoid

• frontal

• parietal

• occipital

• temporal

• sphenoid

• accessory bone; wormina

Ethmoid bone

• unpaired

• light, spongy bone at nasal roof

• function: supports nasal cavity, olfactory nerves

• articulates with fornatl, sphenoid, vomer, nasal bones

Frontal bones

• unpaired

• forehead

• function: protects brain, supports frontal lobe

• articulates with parietals(coronal), nasal, zygomatic

Parietal Bones

• paired

• large roof bones

• function: skull/brain protection

Occipital Bone

• unpaired

• posterior skull, foramen magnum

• function: protects brainstem, supports head

• articulates with parietals, temporals, sphenoud, atlas (c1)

Temporal Bones

• paired

• side bones, house ear

• has the mastoid and styloid processes

• function: hearing, point of articulation for jaw

• articulates with mandible, parietals, occipital, sphenoid

Sphenoid bon

• butterfly shapes, at base of the skull

• greater/lesser wings, sella turcica(turkish saddle)

• function: keystone of cranium (touches neearly all the cranial bones)

• articulates with frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, ethmoid 

Sutures

fibrous joints that connect the skull bones

• coronal suture - frontal ←→parietals

• sagittal suture - between parietals

• lanbdoidal suture - occipital ←→ parietals

Wormian Bones

extra accessory irregular bones in the sutures

Mastoid Process 

• rounded temporal projection 

• function: muscle attachment (sternocleidomastoid)

Styloid Process

• thin spike on temporal (potrudes)

• function: muscle/ligament attachment (tongue,pharynx)

Root (tooth anatomy)

anchors tooth in jaw

Crown (tooth anatomy)

visible, enamel covered

Neck (tooth anatomy)

Gumline junction

Enamel (tooth anatomy)

hardest body tissue; protection

Dentin (tooth anatomy)

bulk of tooth; yellowish 

Pulp (tooth anatomy)

Nerves/blood vessels

Cementum (tooth anatomy)

root coverin; attaches tooth to ligament

Incisors (tooth anatomy)

flat; cutting 

Cuspids (tooth anatomy)

canines, pointed; tearing

Molars (tooth anatomy)

large; grinding

Occlusion 

jaw conditions 

• occlusion 1 - normal bite 

• occlusion 2 - overbite (upper forward)

• occlusion 3 - underbite, most rare (lower forward)

Micrognathia

underdevelloped and unusually small mandible, can cause an overbite 

Cleft palate

birth defect, failure of fusion in palate.  surgery is primary treatment, usually not done until 

• unilateral - affects one side of the palate 

• bilateral - affects both sides of the palate 

• complete - extends from the front to the back of the palate 

• incomplete - does not extend all the way through the palate 

Rugae (oral cavity landmark)

anterior hard plate ridges

Median Raphe (oral cavity landmark)

midline seam, hard palate

Uvula (oral cavity landmark)

posterior soft palate

Anterior Faucial Pillars (oral cavity landmark)

palatoglossal arches 

Posterior Faucial Pillar (oral cavity landmark)

palatopharyngeal arches

Palatine Tonsils (oral cavity landmark)

between pillars

Buccal Cavity (oral cavity landmark)

cheek-to-teeth space 

Nasopharynx (pharyngeal region)

behind nose; eustachian tube opening

Oropharynx (pharyngeal region)

behind oral cavity; visible in open mouth

Laryngopharynx (pharyngeal region)

lowest; leads to larynx/esophagus

Cavities of the Vocal Tract 

buccal cavity - 

nasal cavity - 

oral cavity - 

pharyngeal cavity - 

Hyperdontia

too many teeth

Hard Palate

bony roof of the mouth

• seperates oral and nasal cavities

Soft Palate (velum)

muscular extension of the hard palate; elevates to close off nasal cavity during speech/swallowing