Anatomy and Physiology - Lecture Unit Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering anatomical terminology, cellular biology, histology, and the skeletal and muscular systems based on the lecture transcript.

Cephalic

Refers to the head region.

Buccal

Refers to the cheek.

Thoracic

The chest region.

Axillary

The armpit area (sobaco).

Brachial

The arm area.

Antecubital

The front of the elbow.

Olecranal

The back of the elbow.

Antebrachial

The forearm (antebraso).

Carpal

The wrist.

Crural

The bottom area of the leg.

Sural

The bottom back area of the leg.

Patellar

The front of the knee.

Popliteal

The back of the knee.

Tarsal

The ankle (tobillo).

Acromial

The tip of the shoulder.

Dorsal Cavity

Body cavity that includes the Cranial Cavity (brain) and Spinal Cavity (spinal cord).

Thoracic Cavity

Contains the heart and lungs; includes the Pleural cavities, Mediastinum space, and Pericardial cavity.

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Contains digestive organs (abdominal) and the bladder and reproductive organs (pelvic).

Homeostasis

The process of maintaining a relative constant set of conditions such as blood pressure, temperature, oxygen levels, blood glucose, and pH despite the external environment.

ATP production requirements

Requires Oxygen for aerobic respiration and Phosphorus (the P in $ATP$).

Calcium ($Ca^{2+}$)

Needed for muscle contraction, bone development, and healthy nerve function.

Sodium ($Na^+$)

Involved in nerve function and depolarization.

Potassium ($K^+$)

Involved in nerve function and hyperpolarization.

Glycogen

Complex Carbohydrates used by muscles (especially Fast fibers) as a source of energy in anaerobic metabolism.

Anabolism

A metabolic process involving dehydration.

Catabolism

A metabolic process involving hydrolysis.

Sarcolemma

The outer cell membrane of a muscle fiber that triggers muscle contraction.

Sarcoplasm

Muscle cell fluid filled with stored energy and oxygen-holding protein.

Myofibrils

Long protein threads that slide past each other to make the muscle shorten.

Dendrites

Parts of a neuron that catch signals from other cells.

Axon

Sends action potentials ($AP$) away from the cell body.

Axolemma

The plasma membrane of an Axon that generates and propagates $AP$ down the axon length.

Adipocyte

Fat cells specialized in storing energy as triglycerides.

Osteoblast

Immature bone cells that build the bone matrix.

Osteoclast

Cells that remove or absorb bone matrix.

Tight Junctions

Intercellular connections that prevent water and other substances from leaking between cells.

Desmosomes

Anchoring junctions that hold cells together and prevent tissue from pulling apart during stretching or twisting.

Hemidesmosomes

Structures that attach cells to the basement membrane.

Exocrine Glands

Glands that release secretions through ducts onto an epithelial surface, such as sweat or salivary glands.

Endocrine Glands

Ductless glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Apocrine Secretion

A mode of secretion where the cell buds to release its product, as seen in mammary glands.

Holocrine Secretion

A mode of secretion where the cell dies and becomes part of the product, as seen in sebaceous glands.

Merocrine Secretion

A mode of secretion involving exocytosis, as seen in salivary or sweat glands.

Collagen Fibers

Strong, rope-like fibers that provide strength and support to tendons and ligaments.

Epiphysis

The wide part at the ends of a long bone, mostly containing spongy bone.

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone consisting of a wall of compact bone.

Osteon

The basic functional unit of compact bone.

Intramembranous Ossification

The replacement of mesenchymal tissue with bone; occurs in the dermis to form flat bones.

Endochondral Ossification

The formation of bone using a cartilage model, typical of long bones.

Epimysium

Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle and connects to fascia.

Perimysium

Connective tissue that surrounds muscle fascicles and contains blood vessels and nerves.

Endomysium

Connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle cell (fiber).

Sarcomere

The smallest functional and contractile unit of a muscle fiber, measured from one Z-line to the next Z-line.

A-Band

The region of the sarcomere that corresponds to the full length of the thick filaments.

H-Zone

The region in the center of the A-band that contains only thick filaments.

Neuromuscular Junction ($NMJ$)

The site where the brain's signals are transmitted to muscle cells via Acetylcholine ($ACh$).

Slow Twitch Fibers

Muscle fibers that contract slowly, fatigue slowly, and are used for endurance.

Fast Twitch Fibers

Muscle fibers that contract quickly, produce greater tension, but fatigue quickly; used for short, powerful movements.

Isometric Contraction

A muscle contraction where the tension changes but the muscle length stays the same.

Isotonic Contraction

A muscle contraction where tension remains constant while the muscle length changes (concentric or eccentric).