Wk4: DENT 210 In-Class RAD Exam Review (Robinson Ch 3

The uses of dental images include the detection of

• incipient occlusal lesions.

• abnormalities in surrounding hard and soft tissues.

• periodontal probing depths.

• percussion sensitivity as part of endodontic evaluation.

• abnormalities in surrounding hard and soft tissues.

Exposure to radiation

• no matter how small, has the potential to cause harmful biologic changes.

• has a threshold, below which exposure is entirely safe.

• is safer when there is a single, large dose rather than a series of smaller doses.

• from a dental x-ray machine does not involve particulate radiation and is completely safe.

• no matter how small, has the potential to cause harmful biologic changes.

In dentistry, the __________ the wavelengths of the x-rays, the greater their energy and their usefulness.

• shorter

• longer

• more ionized

• straighter

• shorter

The component of the x-ray machine that functions in positioning the tubehead is the

• kilovoltage selector.

• control panel.

• extension arm.

• cathode.

• extension arm.

The heart of the x-ray generating system is the

• x-ray tube.

• insulating oil.

• transformer.

• position indicator device.

• x-ray tube.

All of the following structures will appear radiolucent on dental x-ray film except

• metal restorations.

• soft tissue.

• tooth decay.

• dental pulp.

• metal restorations.

The term ____________ is used to describe areas that appear dark on the image; ___________ is the term used to describe areas that appear white or light gray.

• radiopaque; radiolucent

• radiolucent; radiopaque

• density; contrast

• contrast; density

• radiolucent; radiopaque

The degree of density or blackness on an image is controlled by the

• low-voltage circuit.

• kilovoltage.

• milliampere seconds.

• position indicator device.

• milliampere seconds.

A lead apron and a thyroid collar

• are used for a full-mouth series of films but are not necessary for single periapical films.

• must be used on all patients for all exposures.

• are required for pediatric patients but is optional for adults.

• are mandated only for pregnant women.

• must be used on all patients for all exposures.

All of the following are true of electromagnetic radiation except they

• are composed of photons that travel through space in waveforms.

• contain radioactive substances such as uranium.

• differ only by their wavelength.

• travel in straight lines.

• contain radioactive substances such as uranium.

The portion of the x-ray machine that supplies the electrons to produce x-rays is the

• cathode.

• anode.

• control panel.

• focusing cup.

• cathode.

If you change the exposure time of the x-ray unit, what is affected?

• Energy of the beam

• Wavelength of the x-rays

• Number of x-rays produced

• Penetrability of the x-rays

• Number of x-rays produced

A step-down transformer is necessary within the x-ray circuitry to

• increase exposure time.

• move electrons at a high speed to the target.

• boil off electrons from the filament.

• produce photons of sufficient energy to pass through the aluminum filter.

• boil off electrons from the filament.

How much filtration is federally required for a dental x-ray machine operating over 70 kVp?

• 2.75 mm

• 2.50 mm

• 2.25 mm

• 0.5 mm

• 2.50 mm

The fuzzy or blurred area around an image is called _____________. It can be reduced by _______________.

• distortion; limiting movement

• a penumbra; limiting movement

• distortion; using fast film

• a penumbra; using fast film

• a penumbra; limiting movement

Because the entire x-ray area is considered a radiation hazard area, a radiation hazard sign must be posted in

• sight of all patients and personnel.

• the darkroom.

• the doctor’s private office.

• the reception area.

• sight of all patients and personnel.

Chronic radiation exposure occurs when _____ doses of radiation are received over a _______ time period.

• large; short

• large; long

• small; short

• small; long

• small; long

The maximum permissible dose for an occupational worker for an individual 18 years of age or older is _____ rem/year.

• 3

• 5

• 1.25

• 0.3

• 5

A patient is concerned with radiation exposure. You can assure him that your office uses the ALARA concept, which includes

• routine time intervals between dental x-rays.

• full sets of 18 images rather than panoramic images.

• keeping exposures levels as low as possible.

• taking yearly bitewing images.

• keeping exposures levels as low as possible.

One of the earliest signs of overexposure to x-rays may be

• keratosis.

• loss of hair.

• erythema.

• blindness.

• erythema.

If the operator’s film badge indicates an exposure to small amounts of radiation, what should be done?

• Consult a physician.

• Ignore the report.

• Evaluate the x-ray equipment and techniques.

• Change the mA and kVp.

• Evaluate the x-ray equipment and techniques.

If a patient is small and petite, to get the same density radiograph, it is best to reduce the

• exposure time.

• mA.

• kVp.

• exposure time and mA.

• exposure time and mA.

An example of cumulative radiation exposure is

• radiation sickness.

• loss of hair.

• cancer.

• erythema of exposed skin.

• cancer.

The dentist says that the image has too much contrast; she would like to see more gray values. What adjustment would you make?

• Increase mA.

• Increase kVp.

• Decrease kVp.

• Decrease mA.

• Increase kVp.

A good technique for reducing the radiation exposure to both patient and operator is the use of

• a lead apron.

• thinner films.

• fast film or digital imaging.

• an automatic processor.

• fast film or digital imaging.

A radiograph that has an overall gray appearance is generally preferred. This radiograph is said to have

• high density.

• low density.

• high contrast.

• low contrast.

• low contrast.

How well the image reproduces fine detail or distinct outlines of an object is called

• sharpness.

• magnification.

• density.

• contrast.

• sharpness.

The location where x-rays are produced in the x-ray tube is called the

• focal spot.

• filament.

• window.

• PID.

• focal spot.

What happens when the exposure button on a dental x-ray machine is pressed?

• The low-voltage circuit is activated.

• Kilovolt potential drives the photons to the target.

• Electrons slam against the target of the anode producing the x-ray.

• Electrons strike the cathode.

• Electrons slam against the target of the anode producing the x-ray.

When the master switch is on

• x-rays are being produced.

• the red emission light will illuminate.

• the electron cloud is created around the tungsten filament.

• photons travel from the cathode to the anode in the tubehead.

• the electron cloud is created around the tungsten filament.

F-speed dental x-ray film reduces radiation exposure to the patient by __% compared with D-speed dental x-ray film.

• 20

• 40

• 60

• 80

• 60

The most commonly used film size for adult intraoral dentistry is size

• #0.

• #2.

• #3.

• #4.

• #2.

A plastic or metal film cassette holds and protects the extraoral film. During exposure, the side of the cassette must face the patient is the _____ side.

• front

• back

• right

• left

• front

_____ hardens the film emulsion during film processing.

• Rinsing

• Developing

• Fixing

• Washing

• Fixing

The charge-coupled device (CCD) in direct digital imaging sensors is made of

• silicon.

• phosphor.

• tungsten.

• silver halide.

• silicon.

All of the following are true statements about storage plates used with phosphor storage plate (PSP) imaging systems except that

• they are made of phosphor.

• the latent image will stay on the plate for hours.

• they should not be exposed to light before scanning.

• they utilize radio frequency transmission to transmit the image to the computer via radio waves.

• they utilize radio frequency transmission to transmit the image to the computer via radio waves.

Faster film speed would be associated with _____ silver halide crystals, a _______ emulsion, and presence of special radiosensitive dyes.

• larger; thicker

• larger; thinner

• smaller; thicker

• smaller; thinner

• larger; thicker

The purpose of the lead foil in the dental film packet is to

• provide stiffness to the film.

• reduce film fogging.

• absorb the primary beam.

• make the packet more flexible and resilient.

• reduce film fogging.

When placing a dental film in the patient’s mouth, the white side is placed ____ the dental x-ray tubehead, and the raised dot to the ____ surface.

• toward; apical

• toward; occlusal or incisal

• away from; apical

• away from; occlusal or incisal

• toward; occlusal or incisal

Which of the following statements about duplicating film is not correct?

• The emulsion is only on one side.

• The emulsion side of the film appears shiny.

• Duplicating film is not intended to be used intraorally.

• Duplicating film is exposed by visible white light.

• The emulsion side of the film appears shiny.

When a film passes through fixer solutions before developing, the film will appear

• white or light (clear).

• completely black.

• gray.

• yellowish-brown.

• white or light (clear).

When developer solution in an automatic processor is warmer than 83F, the processed film will appear

• dark or black.

• gray.

• clear.

• light.

• dark or black.

The ideal time and temperature for manual developing is

• 45 seconds at 85F.

• 5 minutes at 65C.

• 5 minutes at 68F.

• 5 minutes at 60F.

• 5 minutes at 68F.

White or light (clear) spots on a processed film can be caused by

• static electricity.

• solutions are too warm.

• fixer solution contacts film prior to processing.

• drops of developer solution on a fixed film.

• fixer solution contacts film prior to processing.

Digital radiography requires less radiation than traditional radiography because the

• exposure time is increased.

• sensor is smaller.

• sensor is more sensitive to x-ray energy.

• sensor is attached to the computer.

• sensor is more sensitive to x-ray energy.

Which of the following statements is true regarding federal and state regulations on the use of dental x-ray equipment?

• All dental x-ray machines manufactured or sold in the United States after 1934 must meet federal regulations.

• The use of dental x-ray equipment is regulated by federal but not state regulations.

• The federal government requires x-ray machines to be registered and charges a fee for this registration.

• Most states have laws that require inspections of dental x-ray equipment on a regular basis.

• Most states have laws that require inspections of dental x-ray equipment on a regular basis.

The Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act is a federal law that requires all

• persons who use x-rays to take dental images to be properly trained and certified.

• persons who take dental x-rays to be registered with a national practitioner databank.

• dental x-ray machines to be registered.

• persons who expose dental x-rays to wear radiation safety badges.

• persons who use x-rays to take dental images to be properly trained and certified.

Failure to obtain informed consent from a patient prior to exposure of dental radiographs can lead to charges of

• informed consent.

• disclosure.

• respondeat superior.

• negligence.

• negligence.

Following removal of an exposed film or PSP from a patient’s mouth, the film/PSP should be

• sterilized in a heat sterilizer.

• immersed disinfecting solution.

• wiped free of saliva using a dry 2x2–inch gauze sponge or paper towel.

• rinsed off in the sink and placed in an ultrasonic cleaner.

• wiped free of saliva using a dry 2x2–inch gauze sponge or paper towel.

Regulations regarding certification for dental assistants in radiography

• are not required by federal law.

• vary from state to state.

• do not exist.

• require Dental Assisting National Board (DANB) certification in all states.

• vary from state to state.

It is the responsibility of the ____ to discuss the need for dental imaging.

• dental assistant

• dental hygienist

• dentist

• dental hygienist and dentist

• dentist

Each of the following must be disclosed to the patient before obtaining informed consent for dental radiographs except one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

• Risks and benefits of the images

• Person who will be exposing the images

• Consequences of not having images taken

• Rights of the patient as owner of the images

• Rights of the patient as owner of the images

Who can be held legally responsible for a dental assistant’s actions?

• The dentist

• The dental assistant

• Both the dentist and assistant

• The patient

• Both the dentist and assistant

Dental patient records must contain documentation of the ______ of dental images taken.

• number and type

• kilovoltage potential (kVp)

• milliamperage

• exposure time

• number and type

Calibration of dental x-ray equipment should be performed by a

• dental assistant.

• qualified technician.

• dentist.

• dental supply company sale representatives

• qualified technician.

56. All of the following are true statements regarding the preparation of the radiography operatory for dental imaging except

• barriers should be used on all surfaces that cannot be easily cleaned and disinfected.

• barriers are preferred over switches to prevent electrical shorts.

• barriers do not need to be used because spatter of blood and saliva is unlikely.

• the lead apron should be considered contaminated and wiped with a disinfectant after each use.

• barriers do not need to be used because spatter of blood and saliva is unlikely.

A good protocol to follow for decreasing the contamination of dental imaging equipment if additional supplies are needed during a procedure is to

• use bare hands to retrieve additional supplies.

• ask the patient to retrieve the supplies for you.

• use overgloves.

• obtain the supplies and then redisinfect all surfaces and replace all barriers.

• use overgloves.

Sterilized positioning instruments should be removed from the packages

• before the patient is seated.

• after the patient is seated.

• at any time.

• in the sterilization area.

• after the patient is seated.

Transporting PSP films should be done by placing them in

• your lab coat pocket.

• a black transfer box.

• a paper cup.

• a baggy with disinfecting solution.

• a black transfer box.

Given normal use, processing solutions should be changed

• once a day.

• once a week.

• every 3 to 4 weeks.

• annually.

• every 3 to 4 weeks.

The horizontal bitewing view is used for detecting

• devital abscessed teeth.

• bone loss associated with advanced periodontal disease.

• interproximal caries.

• unerupted third molar teeth.

• interproximal caries.

An intraoral full-mouth survey on an adult consists of _____ images.

• 2 to 4

• 4 to 6

• 10 to 12

• 18 to 20

• 18 to 20

What size of dental image receptor is used for visualizing the anterior region of the mouth with the paralleling technique?

• #1

• #2

• #3

• #4

• #1

Which technique can be used in situations such as a small mouth, shallow palate, or the presence of tori?

• Paralleling technique

• Bitewing technique

• Bisecting technique

• Long-cone technique

• Bisecting technique

The dental assistant exposing a periapical image receptor using the paralleling technique should always start with the

• anterior teeth.

• molars.

• upper teeth.

• lower teeth.

• anterior teeth.

The exposure sequence for the posterior teeth should begin with the _____ right _____ view.

• maxillary; premolar

• maxillary; molar

• mandibular; premolar

• mandibular; molar

• maxillary; premolar

Angulation of the PID is critical to ensure that the central ray is perpendicular to the bisector line in which of the following techniques?

• Long-cone

• Bisecting

• Periapical

• Paralleling

• Bisecting

Incorrect horizontal angulation of the PID results in

• elongation.

• foreshortening.

• blurred images.

• overlapped contact areas.

• overlapped contact areas.

Insufficient vertical angulation can result in an image that is

• of increased density.

• of decreased density.

• horizontally overlapped.

• elongated or foreshortened.

• elongated or foreshortened.

The bitewing view shows the

• crowns and interproximal areas of the maxillary and mandibular teeth.

• whole tooth crown to apex and surrounding bone.

• hamular notch distal to the maxillary third molar.

• mandibular canal.

• crowns and interproximal areas of the maxillary and mandibular teeth.

In adults, a size #___ intraoral film is used for the occlusal technique.

• 0

• 1

• 2

• 4

• 4

If the patient is in a wheelchair, does not have the use of his or her upper limbs, and a dental x-ray image receptor holder cannot be used to stabilize the image receptor, you should

• ask the patient’s caregiver to assist in holding the image receptor.

• ask the dentist to hold the image receptor.

• hold the image receptor in the patient’s mouth while you press the exposure button.

• hold the image receptor in the patient’s mouth and ask the caregiver to press the exposure button.

• ask the patient’s caregiver to assist in holding the image receptor.

Which image receptor holder can aid in positioning the image receptor during an endodontic procedure, because it fits around the dam clamp and the endodontic instruments?

• XCP

• EeZee-Grip

• EndoRay

• Stabe bite-block

• EndoRay

A radiographic mount should always be labeled with the

• patient’s name.

• operator’s name.

• patient’s name and the date the images were exposed.

• patient’s name and the date the images were processed.

• patient’s name and the date the images were exposed.

The correct sequence for creation of dental radiographic images is

• image receptor placement, exposure, processing.

• exposure, image receptor placement, processing.

• processing, image receptor placement, exposure.

• image receptor placement, processing, exposure.

• image receptor placement, exposure, processing.

An intraoral full-mouth survey contains

• both periapical and bitewing images.

• periapical images but not bitewing images.

• bitewing images but not periapical images.

• neither periapical nor bitewing images.

• both periapical and bitewing images.

When taking periapical images, it is best to start with anterior images because

• they are easier for the operator to take.

• patients are less likely to gag with anterior image receptor placement than with posterior image receptor placement.

• anterior image receptors are placed horizontally rather than vertically.

• the patient can hold the image receptor in place with fingers.

• patients are less likely to gag with anterior image receptor placement than with posterior image receptor placement.

An anterior set of radiographic images includes

• premolars and molars.

• canines and incisors.

• canines and premolars.

• incisors and molars.

• canines and incisors.

One reason the bisecting technique is used is

• because it is recommended by the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology.

• because this technique provides the most accurate image.

• because it allows the least amount of radiation to be used to produce a quality image.

• when patients have small mouths or low palatal vaults.

• when patients have small mouths or low palatal vaults.

When taking periapical x-ray images, the patient’s head is _____ for maxillary images and _____ for the mandibular arch.

• tilted back slightly; tilted back slightly

• tilted back slightly; upright

• upright; tilted back slightly

• upright; upright

• upright; tilted back slightly

When a size #2 image receptor is used, the anterior images utilize the receptor in the ______ position, and the posterior images utilize the receptor in the ______ position.

• horizontal; horizontal

• vertical; vertical

• horizontal; vertical

• vertical; horizontal

• vertical; horizontal

The number of bitewing images needed is based on the curvature of the arch and the

• age of the patient.

• size of the patient’s mouth.

• number of teeth present in the posterior areas.

• number of periapical images taken.

• number of teeth present in the posterior areas.

When taking a premolar bitewing image, the anterior edge of the image receptor should be placed

• in the middle of the first premolar.

• on the distal half of the canine.

• on the distal half of the lateral incisor.

• on the mesial surface of the second premolar.

• on the distal half of the canine.

When taking radiographic images using film, the white side of the film is always placed

• away from the teeth.

• toward the teeth.

• either away from or toward the teeth; it does not matter.

• right next to the teeth being radiographed.

• toward the teeth.

When using an x-ray sensor, it is important to always

• place a cotton roll between the sensor and the teeth being x-rayed to protect the sensor.

• use the bisecting technique.

• place the sensor parallel to the incisal or occlusal edge of the teeth.

• make sure the sensor is against the teeth being radiographed.

• place the sensor parallel to the incisal or occlusal edge of the teeth.

A panoramic image allows the dentist to do all of the following except

• detect caries.

• view the entire dentition and related structures in one image.

• view all of the sinus cavities.

• determine if a tooth is percussion sensitive.

• determine if a tooth is percussion sensitive.

In panoramic imaging, _____ rotate(s) around the patient.

• the image receptor but not the tubehead

• the tubehead but not the image receptor

• both the image receptor and the tubehead

• neither the image receptor nor the tubehead

• both the image receptor and the tubehead

The focal trough is an imaginary three-dimensional curved area or space that bears the same shape as a

• gutter.

• bowling pin.

• horseshoe.

• baseball diamond.

• horseshoe.

The ______ used in the panoramic x-ray machine tubehead is a lead plate with an opening shaped like a narrow vertical slit.

• filter

• collimator

• patient chair

• bite-block

• collimator

Each panoramic unit has a(n) ______ that is used to align the patient’s teeth as accurately as possible.

• head positioner

• tubehead

• exposure control

• power source

• head positioner

To avoid a lead apron artifact on a panoramic radiograph

• use a lead apron without a thyroid collar, and place the lead apron low around the neck of the patient so that it does not block the x-ray beam.

• place the lead apron high around the neck of the patient so that it does not block the x-ray beam.

• use a lead apron with a thyroid collar.

• do not use a lead apron at all.

• use a lead apron without a thyroid collar, and place the lead apron low around the neck of the patient so that it does not block the x-ray beam.

The correct position of the Frankfort plane for a diagnostically correct panoramic image is

• parallel to the floor.

• perpendicular to the floor.

• tipped downward.

• tipped upward.

• parallel to the floor.

What new feature of the panoramic unit has allowed better resolution to show better details?

• Cephalostat

• Focal trough

• Digital technology

• Magnetic resonance

• Digital technology

The quality of the panoramic view depends on focal trough placement of the patient’s

• anterior nasal spine.

• sella turcica.

• Frankfort horizontal plane.

• jaw.

• jaw.

Which of the following is a device used to position the image receptor and patient for an extraoral panoramic image?

• Exposure control

• Cephalostat

• Focal trough

• Collimator

• Cephalostat

The purpose of the head positioner is to position the patient correctly in the

• occlusal vertical dimension.

• focal trough.

• Frankfort plane.

• central ray.

• focal trough.

When a patient’s chin is positioned too low during the panoramic exposure

• the maxillary incisors will appear blurred.

• the condyles will not be visible.

• detail in the posterior apical regions will be lost.

• a reverse smile line will be observed.

• the condyles will not be visible.

When a patient’s teeth are not positioned in the groove of the bite-block and are too far forward, the teeth will appear

• fat.

• skinny.

• tall.

• short.

• skinny

The skull view that shows the frontal and ethmoid sinuses, the orbits, and the nasal cavities is the _____ projection.

• lateral cephalometric

• posteroanterior

• magnetic resonance

• temporomandibular

• posteroanterior

All of the following statements regarding cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) are true except the CBCT

• technique is valuable in the diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders.

• technique exposes the patient to a large amount of radiation and should only be used when no other source is available.

• has the ability to distinguish among soft tissues, such as salivary glands.

• can show the exact location of the mandibular nerve before surgery is performed.

• technique exposes the patient to a large amount of radiation and should only be used when no other source is available.