Chapter 9: The People’s Republic of China

Jiang Zemin

The transfer of power from ________ to Hu Jintao from 2003 to 2005 was one of the smoothest in any communist countrys history, and the transfer from Hu Jintao to Xi Jinping in 2013 was even more predictable and structured.

Soviet Union

In 1957 and 1958, Mao made a major break from the ________ diplomatically, and launched a program known as the Great Leap Forward, a name that did not in any way match the results it produced.

President Xi

At the 2014 People's Congress, ________ declared "war on pollution "and pledged to cut air pollution by 25 % by 2017.

Tibet

________ was conquered by China in the 1950s, but the former government of ________, led by the Dalai Lama, a spiritual leader who also acted as the inherited head of state, refused to recognize the conquest.

China

________ has gradually moved toward full capitalism while retaining many of Mao's large state- owned companies since Deng Xiaoping's reforms introduced limited market economics.

Struggle

________ and activism: Though leadership would be centralized, Mao insisted that development of the state could not come from the inner elites, but rather that change must come from the collective action and ________ of the revolutionary enthusiasm of the masses.

Westerners

________ are often non- Han and isolated from Chinese society.

Cultural Revolution

The ________ also had relatively poor effects on the Chinese economy, and by Maos death in 1976, the CCP was divided into three factions:

Central Military Commission

The ________, chaired by the general secretary and president of China, Xi Jinping, includes top generals who also serve in the CCP Politburo.

Collectivism

________: Maoist thought values the good of the community above the good of the individual.

Industry reform

________: Factories were to set prices and production based on supply and demand in the market, and Party leaders would no longer have control over their pricing and production decisions.

Egalitarianism

________: Maoism rejected the old hierarchies of the dynastic age and sought to abolish all class distinctions, even those based on merit or scholarship.

Great Leap Forward

The ________ attempted to force Chinas transition from an agrarian society to a utopian socialist economy through rapid collectivization and industrialization.

Deng

Restoring agricultural markets: By creating town- village enterprises, or TVEs, ________ allowed peasants to decide for themselves if they would continue farming collectively or individually, and peasants were free to keep profits they earned from the sale of their produce (though they did not gain private ownership of the land they worked on)

KMT

Mao's forces waged a propaganda war in peasant villages as they fled the ________.

CCP

While the ________ is the only party allowed to contend for and win national office, that does not mean everyone in China is part of the ________.

senior leadership

Military: Military leaders played an influential role within the Partys ________ because of the necessity of a large army to force compliance with the series of mass cultural campaigns.

Mao

In 1949, ________ declared the People's Republic of China, while Chiang and most of the world believed the KMT nationalists in Taiwan were still China's legitimate rulers.

1934 1936

The ________ Long March of retreat galvanized the peasantry, who would support Mao's future Chinese People's Republic.

Chiang Kai Shek

Mao's forces defeated ________ and his supporters, forcing them to flee to Taiwan.

Air pollution

________ may be the most pervasive environmental issue in China, affecting citizens daily.

Environmental groups

________ can report issues without local officials retaliating.

Informal relationships patron clientelism

________: While official positions and formal authority matter in modern China, it is just as important to understand that much of Chinese political operation depends on informal relationships and friendships within the CCP.

Small enterprises

________: While Deng did not immediately privatize Chinese land or heavy industry, he allowed entrepreneurs to start their own new small businesses, and they were also allowed to source their capital from foreign investors or corporations.

Mao Zedong

In 1927, ________ told a Party Congress that "political power grows out of the barrel of a gun "to justify armed struggle against the KMT.

Japan

After ________ invaded Manchuria in 1937, Mao became a national hero after the Japanese surrender in 1945.

Chinese politics

________ operated under a system very similar to European feudalism during the dynastic age (approximately 2800 b.c.e.- 1911)

Falun Gong

________ (or Falun Dafa) was persecuted by the state in the early 2000s for organizing 70 million Chinese practitioners without state support.

CCP leadership transitions

________ are often referred to as "generational "changes.

Dengs reforms

________ led to rapid economic growth in China, and lifted millions of people out of poverty, in addition to setting China on a course toward status as a global economic power.

Bureaucrats

________ may not be competent or well- intentioned (as is the case in any country)

Deng xiaoping theory

________: Deng Xiaoping succeeded Mao in leadership of the Chinese Communist Party after Maos death and rejected Maos ideological commitment to leftist values for a more pragmatic approach.

Confucian values

________: Chinas dynastic roots were centered on Confucianism, which taught adherence to social hierarchy and a suppression of individual ambition in the name of achieving social harmony of the collective group.

Radicals

________: The radicals were the loyal Maoists who supported the ideological goals and methods of the Cultural Revolution.

China

The goals of Dengs program were summarized as Four Modernizations: to make ________ a modern society in agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology.

Deng

________ introduced household responsibility to collectivized farms in rural agrarian communities.

CCP

The ________ usually requires associations with similar interests to merge or disband to avoid competition and make monitoring easier.

Chiang Kai Shek

________ became president of China in 1928, and could not maintain Suns good relationship with the CCP.

Cultural Revolution

Moderates: The moderates recognized many of the failures of the ________ and sought to forge a more pragmatic policy program meant to modernize the Chinese economy for growth, even if growth led to some inequality in Chinese society.

China

________ has held elections since the 1980s to legitimize the 1982 Constitution and Deng's reforms, but only at the local level.

Deng

While there was no independent civil society during the Maoist era, market reforms under ________ and beyond have led to affluence, inequality, and access to technology, which has made citizens 'diverse interests and their ability to organize and express those differences a regular part of Chinese political life.

China

Protests are a common form of political participation in ________, despite outside perceptions.

Deng

Opening of china: ________ gradually opened China to the global economy, inviting foreign investment by creating Special Economic Zones (SEZs) with no tariffs, and allowing multinational corporations to come in to do business in China, hiring Chinese workers and selling their products in the Chinese market.

China

Isolationism: As European imperialism reshaped the world in the late nineteenth century, ________ fell under the influence of powers from Britain, France, Germany, and later Japan.

China

________ is one of the worlds oldest civilizations, and while many of Chinas ancient practices dating back to dynastic rule are still visible today, ________ endured a series of major upheavals in the twentieth century that brought about the modern Chinese state.

Confucian values

Chinas dynastic roots were centered on Confucianism, which taught adherence to social hierarchy and a suppression of individual ambition in the name of achieving social harmony of the collective group

Ethnocentrism

Ancient dynasties spoke of China as "The Middle Kingdom," or in essence, the center of human civilization

Isolationism

As European imperialism reshaped the world in the late nineteenth century, China fell under the influence of powers from Britain, France, Germany, and later Japan

Maoism

Mao Zedong, the leader of the Communist Revolution in the 1930s and 1940s, left an indelible impression on Chinese politics with his charisma and the ideals of his movement

Deng xiaoping theory

Deng Xiaoping succeeded Mao in leadership of the Chinese Communist Party after Maos death and rejected Maos ideological commitment to leftist values for a more pragmatic approach

Informal relationships/patron-clientelism

While official positions and formal authority matter in modern China, it is just as important to understand that much of Chinese political operation depends on informal relationships and friendships within the CCP

Democratic-centralism and mass line

Much like Lenins vision, the Maoist state would be run by an inner revolutionary elite who would professionalize the revolutionary organization

Struggle and activism

Though leadership would be centralized, Mao insisted that development of the state could not come from the inner elites, but rather that change must come from the collective action and struggle of the revolutionary enthusiasm of the masses

Collectivism

Maoist thought values the good of the community above the good of the individual

Egalitarianism

Maoism rejected the old hierarchies of the dynastic age and sought to abolish all class distinctions, even those based on merit or scholarship

Radicals

The radicals were the loyal Maoists who supported the ideological goals and methods of the Cultural Revolution

Moderates

The moderates recognized many of the failures of the Cultural Revolution and sought to forge a more pragmatic policy program meant to modernize the Chinese economy for growth, even if growth led to some inequality in Chinese society

Military

Military leaders played an influential role within the Partys senior leadership because of the necessity of a large army to force compliance with the series of mass cultural campaigns

The goals of Dengs program were summarized as Four Modernizations

to make China a modern society in agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology

Restoring agricultural markets

By creating town-village enterprises, or TVEs, Deng allowed peasants to decide for themselves if they would continue farming collectively or individually, and peasants were free to keep profits they earned from the sale of their produce (though they did not gain private ownership of the land they worked on)

Industry reform

Factories were to set prices and production based on supply and demand in the market, and Party leaders would no longer have control over their pricing and production decisions

Opening of china

Deng gradually opened China to the global economy, inviting foreign investment by creating Special Economic Zones (SEZs) with no tariffs, and allowing multinational corporations to come in to do business in China, hiring Chinese workers and selling their products in the Chinese market

Reemphasizing education

After Maos persecution of intellectuals, which ran contrary to Chinas culture of social promotion based on merit, Deng reopened universities across the country and began recruiting college graduates with specific skills and expertise beyond ideological loyalty into Party leadership

Small enterprises

While Deng did not immediately privatize Chinese land or heavy industry, he allowed entrepreneurs to start their own new small businesses, and they were also allowed to source their capital from foreign investors or corporations

Confucian values

China’s dynastic roots were centered on Confucianism, which taught adherence to social hierarchy and a suppression of individual ambition in the name of achieving social harmony of the collective group.

Ethnocentrism

Ancient dynasties spoke of China as “The Middle Kingdom,” or in essence, the center of human civilization.

Isolationism

As European imperialism reshaped the world in the late nineteenth century, China fell under the influence of powers from Britain, France, Germany, and later Japan.

Maoism

Mao Zedong, the leader of the Communist Revolution in the 1930s and 1940s, left an indelible impression on Chinese politics with his charisma and the ideals of his movement.

Deng xiaoping theory

Deng Xiaoping succeeded Mao in leadership of the Chinese Communist Party after Mao’s death and rejected Mao’s ideological commitment to leftist values for a more pragmatic approach.

Informal relationships/patron-clientelism

While official positions and formal authority matter in modern China, it is just as important to understand that much of Chinese political operation depends on informal relationships and friendships within the CCP.

Guanxi

or “connection,” is often used to describe a political actor’s ability to achieve a political goal, based on personal connections to those in power.

China

is one of the world’s oldest civilizations, and while many of China’s ancient practices dating back to dynastic rule are still visible today, China endured a series of major upheavals in the twentieth century that brought about the modern Chinese state.

Chiang Kai-Shek

became president of China in 1928, and could not maintain Sun’s good relationship with the CCP.

Democratic-centralism and mass line

Much like Lenin’s vision, the Maoist state would be run by an inner revolutionary elite who would professionalize the revolutionary organization.

Mass line

described the connection the leadership must always maintain to the people, carefully listening to the wisdom of the masses.

Struggle and activism

Though leadership would be centralized, Mao insisted that development of the state could not come from the inner elites, but rather that change must come from the collective action and struggle of the revolutionary enthusiasm of the masses.

Collectivism

Maoist thought values the good of the community above the good of the individual.

Egalitarianism

Maoism rejected the old hierarchies of the dynastic age and sought to abolish all class distinctions, even those based on merit or scholarship.

Great Leap Forward

attempted to force China’s transition from an agrarian society to a utopian socialist economy through rapid collectivization and industrialization.

Radicals

were the loyal Maoists who supported the ideological goals and methods of the Cultural Revolution.

Moderates

recognized many of the failures of the Cultural Revolution and sought to forge a more pragmatic policy program meant to modernize the Chinese economy for growth, even if growth led to some inequality in Chinese society.

Military

leaders played an influential role within the Party’s senior leadership because of the necessity of a large army to force compliance with the series of mass cultural campaigns.

Restoring agricultural markets

By creating town-village enterprises, or TVEs, Deng allowed peasants to decide for themselves if they would continue farming collectively or individually, and peasants were free to keep profits they earned from the sale of their produce (though they did not gain private ownership of the land they worked on).

Industry reform

Factories were to set prices and production based on supply and demand in the market, and Party leaders would no longer have control over their pricing and production decisions.

Opening of china

Deng gradually opened China to the global economy, inviting foreign investment by creating Special Economic Zones (SEZs) with no tariffs, and allowing multinational corporations to come in to do business in China, hiring Chinese workers and selling their products in the Chinese market.

Reemphasizing education

After Mao’s persecution of intellectuals, which ran contrary to China’s culture of social promotion based on merit, Deng reopened universities across the country and began recruiting college graduates with specific skills and expertise beyond ideological loyalty into Party leadership.

Small enterprises

While Deng did not immediately privatize Chinese land or heavy industry, he allowed entrepreneurs to start their own new small businesses, and they were also allowed to source their capital from foreign investors or corporations.

Tibet

it was conquered by China in the 1950s, but the former government of Tibet, led by the Dalai Lama, a spiritual leader who also acted as the inherited head of state, refused to recognize the conquest.

Real estate developers

sometimes evict rural peasants, and Party corruption is often blamed.

Chinese Communist Party

attempted to control all aspects of political and social life under Mao.

Falun Gong

was persecuted by the state in the early 2000s for organizing 70 million Chinese practitioners without state support.

Politburo

standing committee sees major turnover during these transitions.

Interest groups

cannot freely influence the state in a pluralist system unless they submit to the CCP and get official recognition.

National People's Congress

has nearly 3,000 provincial, county, and local assembly members, including village/township representatives.

Chinese bureaucrats

often take bribes and make corrupt deals with local businesses, especially in rural areas.

Bureaucrats

may not be competent or well-intentioned (as is the case in any country).

Central Military Commission

chaired by the general secretary and president of China, Xi Jinping, includes top generals who also serve in the CCP Politburo

Policymaking

is attempting to balance the ambitions of a large and increasingly powerful state to shape affairs in its favor on the world stage, and the needs of a massive population that is still largely poor and rural.

Air pollution

may be the most pervasive environmental issue in China, affecting citizens daily.