ANAPHY - Skeletal system (PPT)

Support, protection, movement, mineral & lipid storage, blood cell production (hematopoiesis)

Functions of the skeletal system

sinuses

mucous membrane lined air spaces found in some skull bones

Matrix components, tendons and ligaments, cartilage matrix, bone matrix and clinical insight, adaptive composition

Structural characteristics of skeletal connective tissues

Long (movement), short (force transfer), irregular (specialized functions like vertebrae)

Bone shapes and functions

Intramembranous ossification

bone forms within connective tissue membranes

Intramembranous and endochondral

two types of ossification

Endochondral

bone forms by replacing a cartilage model

Appositional growth

new bone added to existing bone surface, increases bone width/diameter

Osteoclasts

remove old bone/ break down bone to release calcium

Osteoblasts

deposit new bone

Closed (simple), open (compound), comminuted, greenstick, transverse, oblique, spiral, impacted, compression, stress (hairline), avulsion, pathological

types of bone fractures

Inflammation, soft callus, hard callus, remodeling

Stages of healing (bone)

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Vitamin D

When calcium levels drop ___ and ___ increase blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts, renal calcium retention, and intestinal absorption

Calcitonin

when calcium levels are too high the thyroid glands secrete ___, which inhibits osteoclast activity while allowing ongoing osteoblasts to deposit calcium into bone

Decreased blood Ca2+

Parathyroid glands secrete PTH, stimulates osteoclasts in blood, increases calcium absorption in kidneys from urine, vitamin D promotes absorption of calcium in small intestine

happens when theres too much blood Ca2+

increase calcitonin secretion from thyroid gland, calcitonin stops osteoclasts, enhance osteoblast uptake of calcium

Axial and appendicular

Skeletal portions

Foramen

a hole in a bone allowing passage for structures like nerves or blood vessels

Canal/Meatus

an elongated tunnel-like passage through a bone

Fossa

a depression located on the surface of a bone

Tubercle/Tuberosity

rounded knobs or projections serving as primary sites for muscle attachment (can enlarge with increased stress like weightlifting)

Process

a sharp projection extending from a bone

Condyle

the smooth, rounded end of a bone forming a joint with another bone

22 (8 braincase, 14 facial bones, sinuses and cavities, nasal septum)

skull includes how many bones

26

vertebral column includes how many bones

Braincase

encloses and protects the brain (neurocranium)

Facial bones

forms facial structure (viscerocranium), mandible is freely movable

Sinuses and cavities

paranasal sinuses lighten skull structure and resonate voice

Nasal Septum

formed by the vomer and erthrnoid perpendicular plate

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum, 1 coccyx

regions of vertebral column

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral/coccygeal

4 major spinal curves

12 (1-7 true ribs, 8-12 false ribs, and floating ribs)

How many pairs of ribs

Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

Sternum includes the

Hyoid bone

uniquely floats without direct bony articulation; supports tongue/larynx

Body, shaft

main portion of bones

Head

enlarged often rounded end of the bone

Neck

the constricted area between head and body of the bone

Condyle

smooth, rounded articular surface of the bone

Facet

small, flattened articular surface of the bone

Crest

prominent ridge of the bone

Process

prominent projection

Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage and hyoid

axial skeleton includes

Pectoral girdle and upper limb, pelvic girdle and hip bone, lower limb

Appendicular skeleton includes

Clavicle and scapula

pectoral girdle includes

Humerus

bone located in arm

Radius (lateral) and ulna (medial)

bones located in forearm

Femur

bone located in thigh

Tibia and fibula

bone located in leg

Ilium, ischium and pubis

hip bone parts

Non-displaced

Bone fracture displacement where fragments remain in normal anatomical alignment

Displaced

bone fracture displacement where fragments have moved out of proper alignment

Closed

Bone fractures (skin involvement) skin remains intact over the break

Open (Compound)

fracture communicates externally via a wound

Comminuted

fracture pattern broken into 3 or more fragments

Segmental

fracture pattern two line isolate a segment

Avulsion

fracture pattern, fragment pulled by tendon/ligament

Impacted

fracture pattern, fragment driven into another

Compression

fracture pattern, bone collapses under force

Depressed

fracture pattern, bone pushed inward

Transverse

fracture pattern, straight line across the bone

Oblique

diagonal line across the shaft

Spiral

twisting line around the bone

Complete, incomplete, greenstick/buckle, hairline/stress

Bone fracture categories in completeness

greenstick/buckle

bone fracture completeness, cortical bend/buldge (common in kids)

hairline/stress

bone fracture completeness, small repetitive crack

Pathological

special type of bone fracture that occurs in bone weakened by disease/malignancy

Stress/insufficiency

special type of bone fracture due to repetitive stress or weak bone

Periprosthetic

special type of bone fracture occurs around orthopedic implants

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

types of joints

Fibrous joint

this type of joint has bones connected by dense connective tissue rich in collagen fibers, lacks a joint cavity

Cartilaginous joint

this type of joint has bones joined tightly by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage, lacks a joint cavity

Synovial joint

this type of joint has bones separated by a fluid-filled joint cavity, enclosed in a capsule lined with synovial membrane

Immovable (synathrosis)

movement of fibrous joint

Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis)

movement of cartilaginous joint

Freely movable (diarthrosis)

synovial joint movement

Sprain

stretching or tearing of ligaments connecting bones

Joint separation

injury to ligaments holding separate bones where they meet

Joint dislocation

complete displacement of bones out of normal alignment