B223 Healthy Populations Exam 3 (previous owner) good one

preschool (eriksons)

initiative vs guilt
-learning purpose or feeling inadequate

school-age (eriksons)

industry vs inferiority
-competent vs not
-mastery of whatever child is doing

adolescence (eriksons)

identity vs role confusion
-uniqueness or rebellion

preoperational stage

2-7
-a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

formal operational stage

11-15
-people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Vygotsky's Theory

learning precedes development
-cultural, social, political influences

maturation

increased competence because of changes in structural complexity that make higher

learning cannot occur unless...

individual is mature enough to understand/control behavior
-sphincter control comes before potty training

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

Concerned with structure rather than content and how the individual mind works rather than what it works with (SCHEME)
-4 stages
-birth to 15 years old

sensorimotor stage

birth-2
-infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

concrete operational stage

7-11
-children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

postconventional morality

agreeing upon rights, establishing personal moral standards, achieving justice

engrossment

behavior patterns of fathers when they interact with their infants; fathers total absorption and preoccupation with the presence of their newborn

infant protest

cries loudly; screams for mother

toddler teeth

all primary teeth erupted by 2 years

preschooler cognition

-irreversibility- knows two different shaped cups have the same amount of water
-transductive reasoning
-imaginary friends

school age child physical

-body systems reach adult level function
-slower, steadier growth
-5 cm & 4.4-6.6lb per year
-permanent teeth
-enlarged tonsils

adolescence physical changes

accelerated growth spurt
secondary sex characteristics
acne

eating disorders are common in

adolescence

factors that influence growth

gender, age, genetics, environment

development

advance in skill from lower to more advanced complexity

Cephalocaudal

Advance in neck and head control before controlling the movements of the extremities

proximodistal

midline to periphery
-infant central nervous system develops before peripheral nervous system

differentiation

simple to complex
-infants use a whole hand grasp before learning the finer control of the pincher grasp and babbles before they speak

Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development

Individual needs to develop sense of trust and personal worth
-8 stages each with opposing forces

infancy (eriksons)

trust vs mistrust

toddler (eriksons)

autonomy vs shame and doubt
-relinquish dependence on others

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

Developing children progress through a predictable sequence of stages of moral reasoning
-preconventional, conventional, postconventiona
-emphasizes ethic of justice
-school age to young adult

preconventional morality

avoid punishment, gain reward

conventional morality

gaining approval, avoiding disapproval

Gilligan's theory of moral development

moral development in men is based on ethics/justice while womens is based on care & relationships

Infant Development

oral stage (breathing, sucking, eating, digesting, etc)
-stimulation & environmental interaction very important
-auditory & visual stimuli

women >35

greater risk for having a child with down syndrome

Infancy Health perception-health management

-promote competence in parent's abilities
-identify problems

before being introduced to solids infants should...

-sit with little/no support
-good head & neck control
-push up with straight elbows
-lean forward with open mouth when interested in food & turn away when not hungry
-AROUND 4-6mo

infant stools

-breast milk stools are softer, clean smell
-formula stools are harder, smellier

voiding is involuntary until

sometime during 2nd year

to avoid sleeping risk factors in infancy...

supine sleep position & pacifier

infant eye coordination

by 3 mo and is mature at 6mo

infants differentiate self at

4 mo

social learning theory infants

as the mother meets the infants needs, discomfort is reduced or removed

Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory infants

Bond between child and mother develops as a result of mothers fulfillment of the infants innate desire to socialize in the physical requirement for survival

situational crisis (infant)

not anticipated as part of normal growth/development
-separation from mom when she goes back to work

infant despair

stops crying; withdrawn; apathetic

infant withdrawal

ignores mother on her return

nurses role with infants

-family education
-nutritional needs of the infant during the first 18 months of life
-guidance to parents
-encouraging sound practices in the home to foster optimal conditions for normal growth and development

toddlers

12/18mo-3 years
-grows 2-4in & 4-6/lbs
-protuberant belly, wide gait

how to prevent toddler dental caries

bedtime bottles only with water

play in toddler stage

parallel plays because of unreadiness to share

Toddlers cognitive development

-egocentrism
-achieves object permanence
-otitis media leading cause of hearing loss
-receptive skills > expressive
-won't eat things they remember being gross tasting

preschool biology (3-5)

-protuberant belly disappears
-gain 4lb & 2 in/year
-less otitis media
-boosted immune system
-all primary teeth are in & begin secondary teeth eruption

preschool health perception-health management

-curious about opposite sex body body parts
-fear of mutilation & death
-view pain/illness as punishments

most food allergies develop before what age

2

when should children achieve 20/20 vision?

6 years

school age child

5-12 years

school age child views illness

as punishment

enuresis

involuntary urination at age when control should be present

encopresis

persistent voluntary/involuntary passing of stool into the child's underpants after age 4

school age cognition

lack abstract thinking
less egocentric
conservation & time
classifying & ordering

12 year olds vocabulary

4000 words

school age roles-relationships

-family provides sense of security
-increasing independence
-reduced parental authority
-more responsibilities in the home (chores)

Somatization

can't vocalize stress they're feeling inside so they express it through violent behavior
-school age child

most common death in school age child

motor/vehicle accidents & drowning

leading cause of death in children over 1?

accidents

how many children try smoking their first cigarette a day?

>1600

adolescence

~12 to 20

onset of puberty signals

beginning of adolescence

adolescence cognition

time orientation
receptive & expressive vocab increase
-slang
-realize a DELAY may be needed when making decisions

what is the leading cause of death in adolescence?

suicide