Food Science Exam 5

Proteins

9 essential amino acids

Lipids

2 essential fatty acids: linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) and α-linoleic acid (C18:3 n-3)

Complementary proteins

- when foods combine to provide a balance of essential amino acids

- beans (limited in methionine), corn (limited in tryptophan), rice, (limited in lysine)

Worst fatty acids

myristic (C14:0) and palmitic (C16:0)

Omega-3 fatty acid

anti-inflammatory

Δ6 desaturase

limiting step too biosynthesis of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids

Omega-6 fatty acid

inflammatory

Triglycerides

>90% of lipids are present in the body as triglycerides

Lipid autoxidation

- when compared to C18:1, C22:6 turns rancid 50x faster due to the greater number of double bonds

- more double bonds -> healthier

- less double bonds -> longer shelf life

Hydrogenation of fatty acids

- most natural fats are in cis configuration

- more saturated -> solid

- trans fatty acids are usually processed and unhealthy

- trans fats have a higher melting point than cis fats

Conjugated linolenic acid (CLA)

- naturally occurring trans fats

- found in meat and dairy products

- healthy

BMI

not accurate for pregnant women and body builders

Kwashiorkor

- edema

- severe protein deficit, often accompanied by infections or other diseases

Dietary fibers

- promote beneficial physiological effects including laxation, and/or blood cholesterol attenuation, and/or blood glucose attenuation

- removes bile acids from colon faster

Niacin deficiency

- results in pellagra (disease)

- over 10,000 died in 1915 in southeastern U.S.

U.S. vitamin/mineral deficiencies

not deficient in vitamins and minerals in the U.S.

Enrichment

the act of replenishing nutrients that were previously present

Fortification

the act of adding nutrients that were not previously present or adding more than were previously found in a food

Nutrients to limit in diet

- calories (protein, 4 kcal/g; 9 kcal/g; carbohydrates, 4 kcal/g; alcohol, 7 kcal/g)

- saturated fat

- cholesterol

- sodium

- alcohol

National Academy of Medicine (NAM)

(previously the Institute of Medicine) tool for dietary reference intakes

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHAMES) and tracks diseases

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

1. Estimated Average Requirements (EARs)

2. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)

3. Adequate Intakes (AIs)

4. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs)

5. Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs)

Estimated Average Requirements (EARs)

nutrient intake estimated to meet the needs of 50% of the individuals in a specific life stage

Recomended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)

nutrient intake amounts sufficient to meet the needs of 97-98% of the individuals in a specific life stage

Adequate Intakes (AIs)

nutrient intake amount set for any a nutrient for which insufficient research is available to establish an RDA. AIs are based on an estimate on intake that appear to maintain a defined nutritional state in a specific life stage.

Dietary guidelines for Americans

reccomendations are published for public comment

USDA-Federal Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS)

regulates labeling for meat, poultry, and processed egg products

DOJ-Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)

regulates labelling of alcohol products

HHS-Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

regulates labeling for all other foods and dietary supplements

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

regulates advertising for most commodities

Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA), 1966

prevented unfair and deceptive trade practices and provides consumers with accurate information regarding the quantity and value of products

Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA), 1990

standardized the Nutrition Facts panel

Standard of Identity

define what a given food product is including its name, composition, and ingredients

Kosher dietary laws

- represent biblical laws passed by Moses

- prohibits the mixing of meat, dairy, eating certain animals

- no pork, camels, rabbits, horses, shellfish, swordfish, shrimp, crab, and lobster

- requires proper slaughtering and draining blood from animals

Halal dietary laws

- Islamic laws provided in the Quran and in the Sunna

- prohibits the consumption of pork and its by-products

Hindu

many Hindus follow a vegetarian diet or restriction of certain foods including beef, eggs, garlic, and onions

Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act (2004)

required that allergenic ingredients be declared on food labels, whether they are a major ingredient in the product or if its presence is incidental

9 most important foods allergens

- milk

- egg

- fish

- crustacean shellfish

- tree nuts

- wheat

- peanuts

- soybeans

- sesame

Crustacean shellfish

- lobster

- crab

- shrimp

- crawfish

Food recalls

undeclared allergens account for 63%

Serving sizes

based on reference amount customarily consumed (RACC)

Reference daily intakes

- for people over age 4 - are set at highest RDA or AI value

- these are used to calculate Daily Values (DVs) on Nutrition Facts panels

Health Claims

reducing the risk of disease

Nutrient content claims

describes the content of a nutrient in a food (free, high, low)

Structure-function claims

describes the nutrients role in a structure or function of the body

'Healthy' claim

foods with no added ingredients qualify because of their nutrient profile

USDA-ARS - What We Eat In America (WWEIA)

major source of food composition data in the United States and provides the foundation for most food composition databases

CDC - National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

survey intended to determine the prevalence of major diseases and risk factors for diseases

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA), 1994

FDA does not have the authority to approve dietary supplements before they are marketed

Dietary Supplement Claims

1. Structure/function claims: describes the role of a nutrient

2. General well-being claims: describes the general well-being from consumption of a nutrient

3. Classical nutrient deficiency disease claims: claims the benefit related to a classical nutrient deficiency disease and discloses the prevalence of such disease in the U.S.

Avoiding a drug claim on a supplement label

acceptable: "helps maintain cardiovascular function"

unacceptable: "Protects against heart disease

Dietary supplement labeling disclaimers

- if a flyer is near the product in the store it is regarded as a product label

- if flyer is away from product, it is regarded as advertising and regulated by FTC

Phytochemical

biologically active chemicals found in plants

Prebiotics

non-digestible carbohydrates that are broken down by GI bacteria

Country of Origin Labeling (COOL)

enforced by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection

U.S. organic sales

represent 6% of all food sales (2023)

Organic foods label

administered by USDA-Agriculture Marketing Service (AMS)

Irradiation

labeling is required by the 1958 Food Additives Amendments

National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard (2016)

requires certain retailers to label foods that are bioengineered or contain bioengineered ingredients