Comprehensive Biology Review Fill-in-the-Blank Flashcards

Flashcards in fill-in-the-blank format generated from lecture notes covering key principles of biology, genetics, ecology, plant biology, human physiology, and animal behavior.

An atom's atomic number is equal to the number of protons or the number of __________.

electrons

An ionic bond involves two atoms where one atom loses electrons to become a positive ion and the other gains electrons to become a __________ ion.

negative

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons and electrons are called __________.

isotopes

Water molecules are attracted to each other by __________ bonds.

hydrogen

Specific heat is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of $1\,\text{gm}$ of a substance by $1\,^\circ\text{C}$.

Specific heat

The clinging of one substance to another is known as __________, while cohesion is the sticking together of particles of the same substance.

adhesion

Water reaches its maximum density at a temperature of $4\,^\circ\text{C}$.

$$4\,^\circ\text{C}$$

Disaccharides have the chemical formula $\text{C}_{12}\text{H}_{22}\text{O}_{11}$ and are joined together by a process called __________ synthesis.

dehydration

In plant cell walls, the primary structural polysaccharide found is __________.

cellulose

When burned, $1\,\text{gram}$ of any lipid releases $9\,\text{calories}$ of heat.

$$9\,\text{calories}$$

Hydrocarbon chains in unsaturated fats contain at least one __________ bond.

double

The model describing substrate binding where an enzyme slightly alters its shape to fit better is called the __________ fit model.

induced

A change of 2 pH units represents a __________ times increase or decrease in basic or acidic strength.

100

A misfolded version of a protein found in mammalian brains that causes diseases like mad cow disease is called a __________.

prion

In plant and animal cells, the protein-synthesizing structures that are not membrane-bound are called __________.

ribosomes

Fungal cell walls are composed of __________, whereas plant cell walls are made of cellulose.

chitin

Contractile vacuoles in freshwater protists function to pump excess __________ out of the cell.

water

Programmed cell death induced by enzymes released from lysosomes is known as __________, whereas cell death caused by injury is called necrosis.

apoptosis

The foldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion are called __________.

cristae

Plastids that contain green pigments and serve as the sites of photosynthesis are called __________.

chloroplasts

Microfilaments are the narrowest cytoskeleton fibers and are made up of the protein __________.

actin

When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water leaves the cell causing it to shrink, a process known as __________.

plasmolysis

The intake of liquid into a cell by budding a small vesicle from the cell membrane is called __________.

pinocytosis

To calculate total magnification under a light microscope, multiply the magnification of the ocular lens by the magnification of the __________ lens.

objective

The longest phase of the cell cycle is __________, which is divided into G1, S, and G2 stages.

interphase

DNA replication occurs during the __________ phase of interphase.

S

The process of cytoplasm splitting at the end of cell division is called __________.

cytokinesis

In meiosis I, exchange of genes between two homologous chromosomes occurs during prophase I in a process called __________ over.

crossing

Crossing a hybrid dominant individual with a pure recessive individual in a test cross produces offspring with a phenotypic ratio of __________.

50% : 50%

A dihybrid cross between two individuals heterozygous for two traits ($\text{YyRr} \times \text{YyRr}$) results in a phenotypic ratio of __________.

9:3:3:1

When an allele does not completely mask the other and the phenotype shows a physical blending, it is called __________ dominance.

incomplete

Protective nucleotide sequences at the ends of chromosomes that repeat thousands of times and prevent loss of essential genes during replication are called __________.

telomeres

In RNA, the nitrogenous base __________ replaces thymine.

uracil

During RNA processing, non-coding regions called __________ are removed before mRNA leaves the nucleus.

introns

Translation starts at the start codon __________ and stops upon reaching an end codon.

AUG

A point mutation that introduces a stop codon into a coding sequence is called a __________ mutation.

nonsense

Enzymes isolated from bacteria that cut DNA at specific recognition sites are called __________ enzymes.

restriction

During aerobic respiration, one glucose molecule is broken down in the cytoplasm during __________ into 2 molecules of pyruvate.

glycolysis

The synthesis of ATP caused by a proton gradient built across the inner mitochondrial membrane is called __________.

chemiosmosis

The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the __________ of the chloroplast.

stroma

The binomial nomenclature system was invented by Carolus __________.

Linnaeus

Domain Archaea includes extreme salt-tolerant organisms known as __________.

halophiles

Stinging structures contained within cnidocytes in Cnidarians are called __________.

nematocysts

Flatworms excrete ammonia through primitive excretory structures called __________ cells.

flame

In plant vascular tissues, __________ transports water and minerals upwards, while phloem transports sugars throughout the plant.

xylem

The plant gas hormone responsible for promoting fruit ripening is __________.

ethylene

Changes in a population's gene pool due to chance events are known as genetic __________.

drift

Anatomical features with similar structures but different functions that evidence common ancestry are called __________ structures.

homologous

The maximum rate at which a population can increase under ideal environmental conditions is its __________ potential.

biotic

Fertilization in humans takes place in the __________ or Fallopian tube.

oviduct

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach activates the inactive enzyme pepsinogen into active __________.

pepsin

The heart's natural pacemaker located in the right atrium is the __________ node.

sinoatrial

The functional unit of the human kidney responsible for filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion is the __________.

nephron

Non-steroid hormones bind to surface receptors and trigger secondary messengers such as __________ inside the target cell.

c-AMP

The highest form of learning, which involves evaluating new situations and problem-solving, is __________ learning.

insight