The Cultural Landscape Chapter 4: Folk and Popular Culture

Vineyards

________ are planted on hillsides if possible, to maximize exposure to sunlight and to facilitate drainage.

Individual clothing habits

________ reveal how popular culture can be distributed across the landscape with little regard for distinctive physical features.

Bostan farmers

________ are able to maximize yields from their small plots of land (typically 1 hectare) through what Kaldjian calls clever and efficient manipulation of space, season, and resources.

Ice hockey

________ prevails, logically, in colder climates, especially in Canada, Northern Europe, and Russia.

Pigs

________ would compete with humans for food and water without offering compensating benefits, such as being able to pull a plow, carry loads, or provide milk and wool.

South America

The poncho from ________, the dashiki of the Yoruba people of Nigeria, and the Aleut parka have been adopted by people elsewhere in the world.

Americans

________ choose particular beverages or snacks in part on the basis of preference for what is produced, grown, or imported locally.

Swiss Mennonite

In the 1600s, a(n) ________ bishop named Jakob Amman gathered a group of followers who became known as the Amish.

animal consumption

But ________ is an inefficient way for people to acquire calories- 90 % less efficient than if people simply ate grain directly.

Humans

________ eat mostly plants and animals- living things that spring from the soil and water of a region.

Mexico

Tequila, consumption is heavily concentrated in the Southwest along the border with ________.

private individual

Newspapers may be owned by the government, a political party, or a(n) ________, but in any event, they are dependent on the government news- gathering organization for information.

North America

Uniformity in the appearance of the landscape is promoted by a wide variety of other popular cultures in ________, such as gas stations, supermarkets, and motels.

cultural institutions

The distribution of artistic subjects in the Himalayas shows how folk customs are influenced by ________ like religion and by environmental processes such as climate, landforms, and vegetation.

Chinese legend

According to a(n) ________, music was invented in 2697 BC when Emperor Huang Ti sent Ling Lun to cut bamboo poles that would produce a sound matching the call of the phoenix bird.

Utah

The Southeast has a relatively low rate of alcohol consumption because Baptists- who are clustered in the region- drink less than do adherents of other denominations; ________ also has a low rate because of a concentration of Latter- day Saints.

tradition of excellence

Wine is made today primarily in locations that have a(n) ________ in making it and people who like to drink it and can afford to purchase it.

twentieth century

In the ________, soccer, like other sports, was further diffused by new communication systems, especially radio and television.

Asia

Soybeans, an excellent source of protein, are widely grown in ________.

Terroir

________ is the sum of the effects of the local environment on a particular food item.

Rapid diffusion

________ depends on a group of people having a sufficiently high level of economic development to acquire the material possessions associated with popular culture.

Football

________ was first played in continental Europe in the late 1870s by Dutch students who had been in Britain.

scale of territory

The ________ covered by a folk culture is typically much smaller than that covered by a popular culture.

Buddhism

Although they speak similar Southeast Asian languages and adhere to ________, the Lao do not orient their houses in the same manner as the Yuan and Shan peoples in nearby northern Thailand.

Geographers

________ are interested in all three components of the definition of culture.

Himalaya Mountains

The study area, a narrow corridor of 2, 500 kilometers (1, 500 miles) in the ________ of Bhutan, Nepal, northern India, and southern Tibet (China), contains four religious groups: Tibetan Buddhists in the north, Hindus in the south, Muslims in the west, and Southeast Asian animists in the east.

Stone

________ is used to build houses in parts of Europe and South America and as decoration on the outside of brick or wood houses in other countries.

Myanmar

Animists from ________ (Burma) and elsewhere in Southeast Asia, who have migrated to the eastern region of the study area, paint symbols and designs that derive from their religion rather than from the local environment.

Geographer Fred Kniffen

________ identified three major hearths or nodes of folk house form in the United States: New England, Middle Atlantic, and Lower Chesapeake.

Folk culture

________ typically has unknown or multiple origins among groups living in relative isolation.

eleventh century

The earliest documented contest took place in England in the ________.

Vietnam

In ________, where most people are subsistence farmers, information about agricultural technology is conveyed through folk songs.

electronic equipment

It displays a high degree of technical skill and is frequently capable of being performed only in a studio with ________.

Grapes

________ can be grown in a variety of soils, but the best wine tends to be produced from ________ grown in soil that is coarse and well- drained- a soil not necessarily fertile for other crops.

Bourbon consumption

________ in the United States is concentrated in the Upper South, where most of it is produced.

Grass species

________ are selected to thrive in the local climate and still be suitable for the needs of greens, fairways, and roughs.

Eastern Europe

The scarcity of high- quality jeans was just one of many consumer problems that were important motives in the dismantling of Communist governments in ________ around 1990, Eastern Europeans, who were aware of Western fashions and products- thanks to television- could not obtain them, because government- controlled industries were inefficient and geared to producing tanks rather than consumer- oriented goods.

terms soccer

The ________ and association football also helped to distinguish the game from rugby football, which permits both kicking and carrying the ball.

name lacrosse

The ________ is derived from the French word la crosse, for a bishops crosier or staff, which has a similar shape to the lacrosse stick.

Tin Pan Alley

________ was located along 28th Street between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue (now Avenue of the Americas)

light shirt

A lawyer or business executive, for example, tends to wear a dark suit, ________ or blouse, and necktie or scarf, whereas a factory worker wears jeans and a work shirt.

folk songs

In reality, ________ are usually composed anonymously and transmitted orally.

Folk food habits

________ are embedded especially strongly in the envi­ronment.

Cultural Diversity

Isolation Promotes ________.

Jeans

________ became an obsession and a status symbol among the youth in the Former Soviet Union when the Communist government prevented their import.

Amish folk culture

________ continues to diffuse slowly through interregional migration within the United States.

Lower Chesapeake

The ________ or Tidewater style of house typically comprised one story, with a steep roof and chimneys at either end.

Satellite dishes

________ represent only one assault on government control of the flow of information.

South Asia

The Japanese operate primarily in ________ and East Asia, selling their electronic equipment.

Golf courses

________ are designed partially in response to local physical conditions.

In the twelfth century, the game

by then commonly called football-was confined to smaller vacant areas, and the rules became standardized

The study area, a narrow corridor of 2,500 kilometers (1,500 miles) in the Himalaya Mountains of Bhutan, Nepal, northern India, and southern Tibet (China), contains four religious groups

Tibetan Buddhists in the north, Hindus in the south, Muslims in the west, and Southeast Asian animists in the east

The principal exception to this arrangement

A child who builds a house next door to the parents sleeps with his or her head toward the parents' feet as a sign of obeying the customary hierarchy

Geographer Fred Kniffen identified three major hearths or nodes of folk house form in the United States

New England, Middle Atlantic, and Lower Chesapeake

Go to any recently built neighborhood on the outskirts of an American city from Portland, Maine, to Portland, Oregon

The houses look the same, the people wear jeans, and the same chains deliver pizza

Minimal traditional

Dopminatin in the late 1940s and early 1950s, reminiscent of Tudor-style houses popular in the 1920s and 1930s; usually one story, with a dominant front gable and few decorative details; small, modest houses designed to house young families and veterans returning from World War II

Ranch house

REplaced minimal traditional in the 1950s and into the 1960s; one story, with the long side parallel to the street, with all the rooms on one level rather than two or three, it took up a larger lot and encouraged the sprawl of urban areas

Split-level

A popular variant of the ranch house between the 1950s and 1970s; the lower level contained the garage and the newly invented "family" room, where the television set was placed; the kitchen and formal living and dining rooms were placed on the intermediate level, and the bedrooms on the top level above the family room and garage

Shed

Popular in the late 1960s; characterized by high-pitched shed roofs, giving the house the appearance of a series of geometric forms

Neo-French

Also appeared in the early 1970s, and by early 1980 was the most fashionable style for new houses; it featured dormer windows, usually with rounded tops, and high-hipped roofs

Neo-colonial

An adaption of English colonial houses, it has been continuously popular since the 1950s but never dominant; inside many neo-colonial houses, a large central "great room" has replaced separate family and living rooms, which were located in different wings or floors of ranch and split-level houses

habit

a repetitive act that a particular individual performs, such as wearing jeans to class every day

custom

a repetitive act of a group, perform to the extent it becomes characteristic of the group—American university students wear jeans to class every day

Folk culture

practiced primarily by small, homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas and may include a custom such as wearing a saron (a loose skirt made of a long strip of cloth wrapped around the body) in Malaysia or a sari (a long cloth draped so that one end forms a skirt and the other a head or shoulder covering) in India

Popular culture

found in large, heterogeneous societies that share certain habits (such as wearing jeans) despite differences in other personal characteristics. The scale of territory covered by a folk culture is typically much smaller than that covered by popular culture

taboo

a restriction on behavior imposed by social custom

terroir

The contribution of a location’s distinctive physical features to the way food tastes

globalization

growth to a global or worldwide scale