ap hug key issue 2.1-2.2

demography

the scientific study of population characteristics

carrying capacity

 the maximum population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the available resources like food and water.

overpopulation

occurs when the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

ecumene

the portion of earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement 

arithmetic density

the total number of objects in an area

arable land

land suited for agriculture

physiological density

the number of people per unit area of arable land

agricultural density

the ratio of the numbers of farmers to the amount of arable land

natural increase rate

the percentage by which a population grows in a year, excludes migration

doubling time

the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase

crude birth rate

the total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society

total fertility rate

the number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years measures the number of births in a society

infant mortality rate

 the annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with the total live births.

crude death rate

 the total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society

demographic transition

a process of change in a society's population from high crude birth and death rates and a low rate of natural increase to low crude birth and death rates, a low rate of natural increase and a higher total populations

stage 1

low growth: very high CBR, very high CDR, very low NIR

stage 2

high CBR, rapidly declining CDR, very high NIR

stage 3

 rapidly declining CBR, moderately declining CDR, moderate NIR

stage 4

low growth: very low CBR, low or slightly increasing CDR, 0 or negative NIR