Social 20-1

Nation

-'people' or 'race'

- found in the feelings and minds of people

- internal connection to others

Collective Identity

A sense of belonging with others based around similarities like language, religion, ethnicity, etc...

Linguistic Nation

Languages influence how people view the world around them by making connections when it comes to sharing ideas, knowledge, and wisdom.

-Ex. - Francophone's and Québécois in Canada.

Ethnic Nation

People sharing the same ethnic (racial, cultural, linguistic) characteristics develop a sense of pride and loyalty to their heritage.

-Example - Ukrainians living within the City of Calgary.

Cultural Nation

The way of life that people .

-Example - Though both First Nations people, Haida people are different than the Blackfoot people.

Religious Nation

Based around the understandings of one's place in the world and ideas about how the group should live.

-Example - Jewish communities develop a sense of a Jewish nation even though they may speak different languages.

Spiritual Nation

A shared set of beliefs and traditions associated to the land or a specific place.

-Example - Siksika Nation has numerous sacred sites

Geographic & Land Nation

Physical landscapes (oceans, mountains, and deserts) often become barriers that force people to develop a sense of connectedness

-Example - Tibetans in the Tibetan plateau.

Political Nation

Surround two major ideas of self-determination and sovereignty.

Self-determination

Refers to the desire to have power to controls one's own affairs.

ex. First Nations

Sovereignty

Refers to the political authority to control one's own affairs. This power is reserved for nation-states.

ex Quebec

Nation-State

A territory with internationally recognized boundaries (borders) and a politically organized body of people (government). Nation-states are sovereign because they are recognized by other nation-states as having the right to govern independently.

Nationalism

-shared sense of belonging, or a shared consciousness of collective identity.

-Nationalism can arises when a nation or society feels threatened by, or threatens, an outside group or state.

- It promotes acquiring large amounts of power for one's nation or society. and can have both positive and negative outcomes.

Nationalists

Individuals attain power for their specific nation states or nation. They put aside their individual aspirations for power to focus solely on their nation.

Patriotism

Love of one's country

Charter of Rights and Freedoms

laws for Canadian society. These values and belief are engrained into the Constitution to ensure they are preserved and protected. These include rights to equality, official languages, legal rights, and freedoms that every individual has.

Civic Nation

-two key elements of citizens and their beliefs and values.

Civic Nationalism

When individuals abide by shared laws and can live together peacefully.

Ethnic Nationalism

The idea that those who share an ethnicity, culture, and language should form a nation-state (country).

National Identity

A collective identity where mass amounts of people identify with the same beliefs and values as well as internalized national symbols.

Canadian Identity

Canada is a pluralistic society (many different cultural and ethnic groups within one country). Thus some people, like Aboriginal or Québécois, do not identify themselves as fully Canadian.

Symbolism

Recognized objects that bring forth a sense of belonging and sameness with other Canadians. An example of symbolism is the maple leaf.

Mythology

Involves stories of a nation or country's history with a sense of bravery or greatness. These stories are passed down through generations

Institutions

Influence the international community on how they see a nation.

ex Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) provides information, in both French and English

-Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP).

Government Programs and Initiatives

Organizations like the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunication Commission (CRTC), National Film Board (NFB), and Telefilm Canada that promote and fund Canadian media.

French Revolution

Event where nationalism, when influenced with external factors (social, geographic, economic, historical, and political) changed society.

Social Factors for the French Revolution

France was divided by social classes. The aristocrats and monarchy had the power where the bourgeoisie (common people) held little power.

First Estate - Clergy

Second Estate - Aristocrats/Nobility

Third Estate - Common People

Geographic Factor of the French Revolution

The winter was extremely cold causing roads to be blocked with snow making trade and travel between regions nearly impossible. The spring brought floods and the summer brought droughts which resulted in the loss of crops and food shortages. Therefore, food prices rose as supply diminished.

Economic Factors of the French Revolution

France supported the Americans during their battle for independence from the British (American War of Independence). To make up for the shortage, the upper classes desired to raise the taxes of the common people.

Estates General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France. Each Estate had one vote. After years of being outvoted by the First and Second Estates the Third Estate rose up

National Assembly

The third estate established a constitution for equal rights.

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution. Stated that the common people in the Third Estate were the "only group that represented the nation."

Historical Factors of the French Revolution

The French stormed the 'Bastille' a prison in Paris where it is believed the king of France held prisoners who spoke out against him. The event inspired others to take up arms as well in the revolution.

Political Factors of the French Revolution

The National Assembly created a new French constitution, the Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which removed certain privileges that the monarchy, clergy, and aristocracy previously had. This document established France as a secular (non-religious) republic.

European Reaction to French Revolution

Surrounding nation-states sent armed forces to attempt to restore power the French monarchy. These attacks lead the common people to execute King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.

Reign of Terror

During 1793 and 1794, those who spoke out against the revolution were arrested (200 000 people) and many executed (17 000 people)

Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon unified the French and brought order to the nation-state. He went on to conquer most of Europe until he was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo. While many view him as a dictator whose many wars cost numerous French lives, he is remembered for:

-strengthening national pride,

-modernizing government,

-laying the foundations for public education,

establishing a rule of law which created the French and Quebec legal system.

Symbols of the French Revolution

the Storming of the Bastille, Marianne, and the Red, White, and Blue Cockades (or badges). As well Napoleon Bonaparte, 200 years after his death, is still a powerful nationalistic symbol for the French. Liberty, Equality and Fraternity

Modern Day France

the French instituted principles of liberty, brotherhood, and equality as the foundation of their nation. Many are questioning these terms due to the discrimination encountered by some French citizens who are discriminated because of racism or religion and intolerance.

Push Factor

push out of a country - conditions such as war or poverty drives them out.

Pull Factor

Pull into a country-better living conditions that attract people to an area

4 reasons migrants moved to France

-unemployment

-colonization forced them off their land

-political unrest and civil war

-african ways of life were oftan destroyed

Secular

non religious.

-In Quebec there is no prayer in school or government or religious sumbols like the hijabs worn in public.

Boston Tea Party

-The king decided to raise taxes on tea which angered the colonists.

-as ships reached the port in Boston many colonists disguised as American Indians boarded the ship and dumped the tea into the harbor as a sign of protest.

Coercive Acts

as a response to the dumping of tea, the British shut down the port of Boston, restricted meetings, made officials immune to criminal prosecution and made the colonists provide room and board for British soldiers.

Canadian Pacific Railway

Sir John A MacDonald's (first Prime Minister) dream of connecting eastern and western Canada, this allowed for trade and travel across the vast Canadian landscape. Much of the railway was built using Chinese labourers (navvies) who were paid little and often lost their lives in dangerous working conditions. .

Aboriginal Assimilation

the government adopted a policy of assimilation where all Aboriginals were to abandon their culture and become absorbed into Canadian culture.

First Nation Treaties

Agreements made before and after Confederation between the Canadian government and First Nations. The First Nation people agreed to move onto reserve land in exchange for money, goods, and other terms. The treaties remain a source of conflict as many First Nations believe the government didn't fulfill their treaty obligations and are not respecting the certain rights and privileges given to them in the treaties.

The Indian Act (1876)

Allowed the government to manage the affairs and lands of the First Nation people while also attempting to assimilate Aboriginals.

Duncan Scott Campbell

Head of Indian Affairs, he viewed the aboriginals as a problem and assimilation was the only solution. He was responsible for making residential school mandatory.

White Paper

To solve the tension with the Indigenous people.

a) Canada regarded the English and the French as the two founding nations, excluding the role played by the Indigenous,

b) Canada should not negotiate further treaties

c) Canada should not settle land claims

Red Paper

Response to White Paper - outlined objections to the White Paper. To try and convince the government to change its policies.

Inuit Assimilation

the Canadian government created 'relocation programs' to help Inuit people survive after animal populations, essential for survival, declined. Many saw that the Canadian government ignored the Inuit lifestyle and that relocation created many social problems. Nunavut was established creating self-government for the Inuit.

Québécois Nationalism

Francophone people in Quebec have struggled to maintain their language, culture, and identity. This ethnic division has been a source of tension leading to two referendums.

Referendum

a vote of the people when the leader does not want to make a decision, whatever is decided has to happen by law. ex Quebec referendum

sovereigntists

support the idea of Quebec becoming an independent nation state

federalist

desire for Quebec to remain within Canada as a province

Loyalties

Are a "commitment," the act of 'sticking with' a belief or value, a cause, a nation, a person,

Nationalist loyalties

- A loyalty that is embedded in the idea of nation. (Ex., religion, language, etc.)

Non-Nationalist Loyalties

A loyalty that is not embedded in the idea of nation. People may be loyal to and identify with family, friends, a region, an idea, a collective or a group, a way of life, and a culture.

Loyalties and choice

Loyalties can make decisions easy or difficult. Loyalty can make things more difficult when a circumstance goes against one's own interest

Loyalties and Patriotism

Showing patriotism to one's country or nation is a sign of loyalty. Loyalty can stem from patriotism.

Nationalist Loyalties and Choices

Do not usually demand extreme sacrifices like dying for one's country but can affect one's decisions.

Contending Loyalties and choices

loyalties that compete and choosing between them can be difficult.

ex. two loyalties that occur near the same time results in choosing one or the other.

First Nations Loyalties

the First Nation people affirmed their loyalty by restructuring and reorganizing the National Indian Brotherhood into the Assembly of First Nations. First Nation people have pursued the desire for self-determination in an attempt to control their interests.

Assembly of First Nations

Promote issues and concerns of its members as well as issues regarding self-government. They insisted on maintaining their status as a nation so they could deal with the Canadian government on a nation to nation basis.

Inuit Loyalties

Changing the names of places. Returning back to their original Inuit names, the Inuit affirmed a commitment to their traditional language and culture.

Nunavut

Decisions are made by a consensus agreement. allowed the Inuit to help make decisions about how their land and resources are to be used as well as permitted their education system to promote their culture, tradition, and languages. This helps to prepare young people develop skills to help their economy.

Métis Loyalties

Forming the Métis National Council the Métis people affirmed their loyalty. Recognized as a distinct ethnicity from other Indigenous groups as well as advocate for Métis interests.

Cultural Pluralism

Encourages groups of people to affirm and promote their unique cultural identity within Canada (multiculturalism).