Exam 3 Experiemntal methods

Why are Surveys typically used?

to study behaviors that may be difficult to observe

Survey questions that are descriptive are asking

about frequency of or relationship between behaviors

Survey questions that are predictive are asking

if one behavior can be predicted from another

Survey questions that are casual are asking

what causes specific behaviors to occur

Sources for standardized questionaries'

Health and Psychosocial instruments
Mental Measurements yearbook
PsycTESTS

Close ended response scales

Given a range of responses to choose from, most commonly used

Open ended response scales

more expansive, harder to code

Categories may cause

biases in the way responses are given

double barrled questions

avoid asking two questions together

Nonresponse error

occurs when individuals do not respond

Coverage error

occurs when sample does not represent entire population

Parenthetical Citation

(AUTHOR name)

Narrative citation

Harris and Cook (2020)

a multiple study article will always have

a method section for each study and a results section for each study

Use words when a number is

less than 10

You should also use words when a number

starts the beginning of a sentence

We should use numerical numbers when

the values are greater than ten, numbers are in the abstract, or numbers are in a list

Confidence interval

Provides range of values that population mean likely falls into with a particular level of certainty

WHat is the first question on the flow chart

comparing means or testing relationships

If we are comparing means, what is the next question we must ask

How many sample means?

IF we just have one sample mean we are comparing, what analyses would we conduct

one sample T-test

IF we have two sample means what is the next question we have to ask

within subjects or between subjects

If there are three or more sample means, what statistical analysis would we conduct

ANOVA test

If we have two sample means and our groups are within subjects, what analyses would we conduct?

Paired samples T-test

If we have two sample means and our groups are between subjects, what analyses would we conduct

Independent samples T-test

If we are comparing relationships, what is the next question we must ask

are these ratio/interval or nominal/ordinal

If they are Ratio/interval, we would ask are they

descriptive or predictive

If they are descriptive we would conduct a

Pearson r test

If they are predictive we would conduct a

Regression test

If the relationships are measured using a nominal or ordinal scale then we would conduct a

Chi-Square test

Variable used for prediction is called

a predictor variable

Correlational designs are made to address

descriptive and predictive research questions

The variable being predicted in a correlational study is called the

outcome variable

Casual relationships can

not be tested with correlational studies

Descriptive studies

describes relationships between variables

Predictive studies

Use one variable to predict another variable

when should an Ampersand be used in reporting research

use for citations enclosed in parentheses

What is the first section of an APA style article

title page

What is the second section of an APA style article

Abstract

What is the third section of an APA style article

introduction

What is the fourth section of an APA style article

Methods

What is typically included within the methods section

Participants, design, materials, and procedures

What is the fifth section of an APA style article

Results

What is the sixth section of an APA style article

Discussion

What is the seventh section of an APA style article

references

What is the eighth section of an APA style article

Tables and figures

What should be in the header of APA papers

running header and page number

What should be included on a title page

title of the article, authors' names, authors' affiliations centered on the page

What should be included in an abstract

Short paragraph (~150-250 words) describing the four major sections of your article

What should be included on the introduction

The general topic of your study Past relevant studies/background info, Research question of your study (whatproblem/question does your study plan toaddress?), Hypotheses

What is the purpose of the procedures section

Experience of participants in the study in chronological order

Any statistic is

sample mean difference over sampling error

Passive vs Active Voice

Active voice uses a subject, while passive voice does not

Psychometrics

validation and refinement of surveys to measure psychological constructs

How to conduct a good closed response scale

The positive and negative scale should be even

Construct Validity

the extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure

Leading Question

a question worded to lead a respondent to give a desired answer

Face Validity

Does it intuitively make sense?

Coverage e

the error that occurs when the sampling frame does not match the target population

Citerion

a measure of validity based on showing a substantial correlation

Test-retest

Checked by getting same participant to take a survey twice

Attrition

participants who do not complete the entire study

Testing Effect

Taking a test once influences responses the second time

Internal Consistency of Scores

Tests relationships between scores on different items of a survey

Split-Half Reliability

Indicates if scores are similar on different questions that address similar topics

Cronbach's Alpha

Indicates average correlation between scores on all pairs of items

How do you decrease nonresponse error?

By increasing the number of participants