AP Human Vocab Quiz 5.1-5.4

Agriculture

Process which humans alter landscape in order to raise crops and livestock for consumption and trade

Climate

Long term weather patterns in a region

Subsistence Agriculture

The primary goal is to grow enough food or raise enough livestock to meet immediate needs of the farmer and his or her family

Commercial Agriculture

The primary goal is to grow enough crops or raise enough livestock to sell for profit

Intensive Agriculture

Farmers or ranchers use large amounts of inputs, such as energy, fertilizers, labor, or machines to maximize yields

Extensive Agriculture

Fewer amounts of the inputs and typically results in lesser yields

Intensive Commercial Agriculture

Heavy investments in labor and capital are used which often results in high yields and profits

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

Often labor and animal intensive

Extensive Subsistence Agriculture

Few inputs are used in this type of agricultural activity

Extensive Commercial Agriculture

Uses low inputs of resources but has the goal of selling the product for profit

Capital

The money invested in land, equipment, and machines

Pastoral Nomadism

Practiced in arid and semi-arid climates throughout the world

Shifting Cultivation

Farmers grow crops on a piece of land for a year or two

Plantation

Large commercial farm that specializes in one crop

Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming

Demonstrates an interdependence between crops and animals

Grain Farming

In regions too dry for mixed crop agriculture farmers often raise wheat

Commercial Gardening

Large scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers primarily for sale in local or regional markets

Market Gardening

When fruits and vegetables are grown near an urban market and sold to local suppliers stores and restaurants

Dairy Farming

Local farms that supplied products to customers in a small geographic area

Milk Shed

The geographic distance that milk is delivered

Mediterranean Agriculture

Practiced in regions with hot, dry summers, mild winters, narrow valleys, and often some irrigation

Transhumance

The seasonal herding of animals from higher elevations in the summer to lower elevations and valleys in the winter

Livestock Ranching

Commercial grazing of animals confined to a specific area

Clustered (Nucleated) Settlements

These settlements had groups of homes located near each other in a village and fostered a strong sense of place is often shared of services, such as schools

Dispersed Settlements

Patterns in which farmers lived in homes spread throughout the countryside

Linear Settlement

Buildings and human activities are organized close to a body of water or a long a transportation route

Metes and Bounds

Metes are used for short distance, bounds are used to cover large areas

Public Land Survey System/Township and Range System

Created rectangular plots of consistent size

Townships

Areas six miles long and six miles wide

Section

Each square mile

French Long-Lot System

Farms were long thin sections of land that ran perpendicular to a river

First (Neolithic) Agricultural Revolution

Origin of farming It wad marked by the domestication of the plants and animals

Animal Domestication

Process where humans selectively breed and alter wild animals over generations for specific uses

Plant Domestication

Process where humans select and cultivate wild plants, altering their genetics over generations for specific traits

Fertile Crescent

First major hearth in agriculture

Independent Innovation

Crops and animals were domesticated in multiple regions with seemingly no interaction among the people

Columbian Exchange

Global movement of plants and animals between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas

Second Agricultural Revolution

Began in the 1700s used the advances of the industrial revolution to increase food supplies and support population growth

Enclosure Acts

Series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use

Crop Rotation

The technique of planting different crops in a specific sequence on the same plot of land in order to restore nutrients back into the soil

Irrigation

Process of applying controlled amounts of water to crops using canals, pipes, sprinkler systems, or other human made devices, rather than to rely on rainfall